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Diploria

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Diploria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hexacorallia
Order: Scleractinia
Family: Mussidae
Genus: Diploria
Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1848
Species:
D. labyrinthiformis
Binomial name
Diploria labyrinthiformis
(Linnaeus, 1758)[2]
Synonyms
List

(Species)

  • Coeloria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Diploria cerebreformis (Lamarck, 1816)
  • Madrepora labyrinthiformis Linnaeus, 1758
  • Maeandrina labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Maeandrina sinuosa Le Sueur, 1820
  • Meandrina cerebriformis Lamarck, 1816

Diploria is a monotypic genus of massive reef building stony corals in the family Mussidae.[3][4][5][6] It is represented by a single species, Diploria labyrinthiformis, commonly known as grooved brain coral and is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.[7][2][8][9] It has a familiar, maze-like appearance.

Description

Grooved brain coral, Caribbean Sea, Vieques, Puerto Rico

This species of reef-building coral has a hemispherical, brain-like shape with a brown, yellow, or grey colour.[8] It has characteristic deep, interconnected double-valleys. These polyp-bearing valleys are each separated by grooved ambulacral ridges. There may be a difference in colour between the valleys and the grooves.[10]

Diploria labyrinthiformis can grow upward at a rate of approximately 3.5 millimeters per year, achieving about 2 metres (6.6 feet) in diameter. During its planktonic larval stage, the coral has locomotion. After that time, it becomes permanently sessile.[11]

This species is a suspension feeder, and survives mainly on zooplankton and bacteria. These are captured by the polyps, by extruding mesenterial filaments and tentacles. The polyps have nematocysts which are triggered to hold their prey immobile. The prey is then transported to the mouth with the assistance of mucus and cilia.[11]

Diploria labyrinthiformis is hermaphroditic, and reproduces through broadcast spawning. This entails eggs and sperm being released by adult colonies, followed by fertilization and the development of larvae at the water surface. Unlike most other Caribbean broadcast spawners, Diploria labyrinthiformis spawns over multiple months from the late spring until even mid-autumn.[12]

Distribution and habitat

Diploria labyrinthiformis is found in tropical parts of the west Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the southern tip of Florida, the Bahamas, Bermuda and the coasts of Central America.[1][2][13]

This coral occurs offshore at depths ranging from 1 to 30 metres (3.3 to 98.4 feet).[11]

Status

This species was listed as Least Concern for years on the IUCN Red List, however the most recent assessment in 2021 has resulted in a sudden uplisting due to the species' predicted decline, in part due to its susceptibility to Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease.[14]

Relationships with other species

Symbiotic

Diploria labyrinthiformis hosts Zooxanthella, a symbiotic dinoflagellate alga. The alga benefits from being in a protective environment in an elevated position. The coral benefits from the nutrients produced photosynthetically by the alga which provides part of its needs for growth and calcification.[11]

The coral also has a relationship with Diadema antillarum, the long-spined urchin, whose grazing helps to reduce the effects of shading, as well as the overgrowth of macroalgae.[11]

Predators

Despite the polyps being equipped with nematocysts, various species prey upon Diploria labyrinthiformis. These include:[11]

  • Gastropods
  • Polychaetes (annelid worms)
  • Sea urchins
  • Starfishes
  • Sea spiders
  • Parrotfish and other fishes

Parasites

This species is host to a parasite in the Corallovexiidae family:[2]

Grooved brain coral with black band disease in Caribbean Sea, Bahia de la Chiva, Puerto Rico

Taxonomy

In the past, other species were classified as pertaining to the Diploria genus. Some of those species are now classified as Pseudodiploria, a genus erected in 2012, such as P. strigosa and P. clivosa.[15]

Reproduction

Diploria labyrinthiformis is hemaphroditic, employing a broadcast-spawning method to reproduce. As with most coral species, timing of gamete release is related to moon cycles.[16] Exact timing of this event can vary, even within its regional range, but is typically earlier in the year than many other scleratinian species in the Caribbean [17]

Postage stamps

Images of Diploria labyrinthiformis appear on three postage stamps: a 75 cent Belizean stamp created by Georges Declercq,[18] a 15 cent stamp from United States issued 1980-08-26 and a 54 Euro cent stamp from Mayotte.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Goergen, L.; Rodríguez-Martínez, R.; Miller, M.; Crabbe, J.; Banaszak, A.; Vermeij, M. (2022). "Diploria labyrinthiformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T133257A165799250. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758)". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
  3. ^ Grooved Brain Coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
  4. ^ Coralpedia - Diploria labyrinthiformis. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
  5. ^ Diploria labyrinthiformis (grooved brain coral) | Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
  6. ^ Marine Species Identification Portal : Grooved brain coral - Diploria labyrinthiformis. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
  7. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  8. ^ a b "Marine Species Identification Portal : Grooved brain coral - Diploria labyrinthiformis". Species-identification.org. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  9. ^ "Diploria labyrinthiformis (grooved brain coral) | Natural History Museum". Nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  10. ^ "Coralpedia - Diploria labyrinthiformis". Coralpedia.bio.warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kate Rossi-Snook & Dr. James B. Wood. "Grooved Brain Coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis". Thecephalopodpage.org. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  12. ^ Chamberland, V.F. (2017). "The reproductive biology and early life ecology of a common Caribbean brain coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis (Scleractinia: Faviinae)" (PDF). Coral Reefs. 36 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1504-2. S2CID 253807532.
  13. ^ Diploria labyrinthiformis Corals of the World. accessdate=2011-12-26
  14. ^ Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M. et al. Unprecedented Disease-Related Coral Mortality in Southeastern Florida. Sci Rep 6, 31374 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31374
  15. ^ Budd, Ann F.; Fukami, Hironobu; Smith, Nathan D.; Knowlton, Nancy (2012). "Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (3): 465–529. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00855.x.
  16. ^ Chamberland, V.F., Snowden, S., Marhaver, K.L. et al. The reproductive biology and early life ecology of a common Caribbean brain coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis (Scleractinia: Faviinae). Coral Reefs 36, 83–94 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1504-2
  17. ^ Weil, E., Vargas, W.L. Comparative aspects of sexual reproduction in the Caribbean coral genus Diploria (Scleractinia: Faviidae). Mar Biol 157, 413–426 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-009-1328-5, Alvarado, Elvira M., Rocío García, and Alberto Acosta. "Sexual reproduction of the reef-building coral Diploria labyrinthiformis (Scleractinia: Faviidae), in the Colombian Caribbean." (2004).
  18. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species". Marinespecies.org. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  19. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species". Marinespecies.org. 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
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