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Sierra Leone People's Party

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Sierra Leone People's Party
AbbreviationSLPP
LeaderJulius Maada Bio
ChairpersonPrince Harding[2]
Secretary-GeneralUmaru Napoleon Koroma[1]
SpokespersonLahai Laurence Leema
FounderLamina Sankoh,
Paramount Chief Julius Gulama,
Milton Margai, among others
Founded27 April 1951 (1951-04-27)
Merger ofPeoples Party (PP), Protectorate Education Progressive Union (PEPU), Sierra Leone Organisation Society (SOS)
Headquarters15 Wallace Johnson Street, Freetown, Sierra Leone
IdeologySocial democracy
Civic nationalism
Third Way
Political positionCentre to centre-left
Continental affiliationDemocrat Union of Africa
ColorsGreen
Slogan"One People, One Country"[3]
Seats in Parliament
81 / 149
[4]
District Council Chairs
6 / 16
Municipality Mayors
3 / 7
Website
slpp.sl

The Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) is one of the two major political parties in Sierra Leone, along with its main political rival the All People's Congress (APC). It has been the ruling party in Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. The SLPP dominated Sierra Leone's politics from its foundation in 1951 to 1967, when it lost the 1967 parliamentary election to the APC, led by Siaka Stevens. Originally a centre-right, conservative party,[5] it identifies since 2012 as a centre-left social democratic party,[6][7][8] with a centrist tendency.

The SLPP returned to power when its leader Ahmad Tejan Kabbah won the 1996 presidential election. The party was in power from 1996 to 2007, when it again lost to the APC, led by Ernest Bai Koroma, in the 2007 presidential election. SLPP returned to power on 4 April 2018 when Julius Maada Bio was sworn in as the new President of Sierra Leone after winning the 2018 Sierra Leone presidential election. SLPP is overwhelmingly popular in Mende areas in south and eastern Sierra Leone (except in Kono District, a swing district), where the party regularly wins presidential, parliamentary and local elections by large margins. The SLPP has large minority support in the Western Area (including Freetown). The SLPP also has large minority support in Koinadugu District and Falaba District in the north of the country. The SLPP also has significant minority support in Kambia District in the north of the country.

Early success and Independence

SLPP dominated politics in Sierra Leone in the years following World War II. In 1955 and 1956, riots occurred in Sierra Leone, originally sparked by the artisan union's strike over pay; further unrest followed strikes by transport workers. These events grew animosity between the SLPP and Krio parties, especially the Cyril Rogers-Wright led United Sierra Leone Progressive Party, established in 1954. The SLPP positioned itself as "the countryman's party," and garnered the support of tribal chiefs. In recent times however, the SLPP has been widely perceived as "the Mende man's party".[9][10][11]

After elections in 1957, Milton Margai bowed to behind-the-scenes pressure and stepped down from SLPP leadership, replaced by his brother Albert Margai. However, in 1958, Albert Margai and Siaka Stevens launched a new party, the People's National Party (PNP), which aimed for greater African involvement in the British colonial government. With the independence of Ghana in 1957, the PNP sought the support of the educated elite to lead a transition to independence. Stevens would later leave the party to form the northern-supported All Peoples Congress. Upon independence in 1961, Milton Margai became prime minister, and the SLPP became the ruling party. The SLPP, along with almost all Sierra Leonean political parties, signed the constitution at the London constitutional conference; the APC was the notable exception. This unity did not extend to national politics, as opposing politicians often faced detainment under SLPP rule.

Demise

Sir Milton Margai's death in 1964 left SLPP leadership to his brother Sir Albert Margai. Albert's rule was characterized by dissent. Politically, he attempted to strengthen the position of SLPP elites relative to the chiefs, who had formed the backbone of the party. Albert's autocratic leadership style was questioned within his party, sparked by actions such as the demotion of senior party members Alhaji M.S. Mustapha and Kerefa Smart. Albert also embarked on a policy of Africanisation, which removed some civil servants who favored a colonialistic approach. Margai may have adopted this strategy in an effort to replace the Creole civil administrators with unqualified members of his Mende tribe.[12] Sir Albert Margai took power and sought to make the army homogeneously Mende.[13] He also endeavoured to change Sierra Leone from a democracy to a one-party state.[14]

Scores of schools were built in the provinces[citation needed] along with Teachers Colleges in every district[citation needed] (Makeni, Magburaka, Moyamba, and the Milton Margai Teachers College).

Opposing leaders criticized Margai's presentation of a bill to establish a one-party system in Sierra Leone and also blamed Margai for developments had led to an economic slowdown. In the 1967 elections, the APC and SLPP each won 32 seats in parliament, with 2 former SLPP Independents siding with the APC MPs Kutubu Kai-Samba and Luseni A. M Brewah. This development confirmed that the SLPP would no longer lead the country.

The subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of martial law and a military coup that took full control of the national government. The National Reformation Council (NRC), led by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith, was established on 23 March 1967. Pressure from political elites, trade unions, and university students led to the junta's collapse in November 1970, and Siaka Stevens of the APC became president after the interregnum.

Under Stevens, Sierra Leone became a one-party state. In 1978 all SLPP MPs except one (Manna Kpaka, MP in Kenema) joined the APC. The SLPP was outlawed, and its elites and supporters were physically threatened and barred from holding meetings.

Rebirth

In 1996 SLPP returned to prominence, as its candidate Ahmad Tejan Kabbah won the presidential election, receiving 59.5% of the popular vote in a second round against John Karefa-Smart of the United National People's Party (UNPP). In the election held on 14 May 2002, the party won 69.9% of the popular vote and 83 out of 112 seats in the House of Representatives, and its candidate in the presidential election, Kabbah, won 70.1% of the vote and was re-elected.

At the SLPP's national convention in Makeni on 3–4 September 2005, Vice-President Solomon Berewa was selected by the SLPP as its leader and 2007 presidential candidate. He received 291 votes, while Charles Margai received 34, Julius Maada Bio received 33, and J. B. Dauda received 28.[15] In the August 2007 election, the SLPP was defeated by the APC in the parliamentary election, winning 43 seats against 59 for the APC; the PMDC, a splinter party founded by Charles Margai, attracted the support of some traditional SLPP voters, winning 10 seats. In the presidential election, the SLPP candidate, Berewa, took second place in the first round, winning 38.3% of the vote against 44.3% for the APC candidate, Ernest Bai Koroma.[16] A second round of the presidential election was held in September; Koroma prevailed with 54.6% of the vote against 45.4% for Berewa.[17][18]

The SLPP constitution requires its leader to resign if the party loses a national election; Berewa resigned as party leader on 17 October 2007, leaving Alhaji Sulaiman Jah as acting leader.[19] In 2011, Julius Maada Bio became SLPP's nominee for the 2012 presidential election. He beat Usman Boie Kamara, who came in second place. Bio was nominated as the SLPP candidate for president in the 2018 election, which he ultimately won.

Julius Maada Bio presidency (2018–present)

In 2018, Sierra Leone held a general election. The presidential election, in which neither candidate reached the required threshold of 55%, went to a second round of voting, in which Julius Maada Bio was elected with 51% of the vote against the candidate of then-ruling All People’s Congress (APC).[20] On 4 April 2018, opposition candidate Julius Maada Bio of Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), was sworn in as Sierra Leone’s new president.[21]

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election Party candidate Votes % Votes % Result
First round Second round
1996 Ahmad Tejan Kabbah 266,893 35.8% 608,419 59.5% Elected Green tickY
2002 1,373,146 70.1% — Elected Green tickY
2007 Solomon Berewa 704,012 38.3% 789,651 45.4% Lost Red XN
2012 Julius Maada Bio 837,517 37.4% — Lost Red XN
2018 1,097,482 43.3% 1,319,406 51.8% Elected Green tickY
2023 1,566,932 56.2% — Elected Green tickY

Parliamentary elections

Election Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1951 —
2 / 7
 New Increase 2nd Coalition
1957 75,575 46.13%
24 / 51
 Increase 22 Increase 1st Coalition
1962 230,118 34.67%
28 / 74
 Increase 4 Steady 1st Coalition
1967 230,999 37.10%
28 / 78
 Steady 0 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1973 Boycotted
0 / 97
 Decrease 28 — Extra-parliamentary
1977 205,976 29.99%
15 / 100
 Increase 15 Steady 2nd Opposition
1982 Banned
0 / 104
 Decrease 15 — Extra-parliamentary
1986 Banned
0 / 127
 Steady 0 — Extra-parliamentary
1996 269,888 36.17%
27 / 80
 Increase 27 Increase 1st Coalition
2002 1,293,401 67.67%
83 / 112
 Increase 56 Steady 1st Government
2007 707,608 39.54%
43 / 124
 Decrease 40 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2012 819,185 38.25%
42 / 124
 Decrease 1 Steady 2nd Opposition
2018 964,659 38.93%
49 / 146
 Increase 7 Steady 2nd Coalition
2023 1,578,259 56.68%
81 / 149
 Increase 32 Increase 1st Government

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Abdul Rashid (18 September 2017). "SLPP elects a pro-Maada Bio national executive council – has the party shot itself in the foot?". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Prince Harding Emerges New SLPP Chairman, As Chief Kapen Bows Out In Shame". Sierraloaded. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  3. ^ "502 Bad Gateway". www.slpponline.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Sierra Leone's ruling APC secures parliamentary majority with 63 seats". Africanews. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  5. ^ https://www.awarenesstimes.com/drwebsite/publish/article_200517162.html [bare URL]
  6. ^ Thomas, Abdul Rashid (5 January 2012). "Welcome 2012 – the need for a "New Direction" in Sierra Leone". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Sierra Leone Politics : No Politics in Road Safety Campaign.. . As APC & SLPP MPs Storm Kailahun on Road safety Campaign". Awareness Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  8. ^ "Sierra Leone". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  9. ^ "Assessment for Mende in Sierra Leone". www.mar.umd.edu.
  10. ^ Kandeh, J. (1992). Politicization of Ethnic Identities in Sierra Leone. African Studies Review, 35(1), 81–99. doi:10.2307/524446
  11. ^ "Ethnicity and Conflict Instigation in Sierra Leone". www.accord.org.za.
  12. ^ "Tribal card not wise option for Mende". www.slconcordtimes.com.
  13. ^ Harkness, Kristen A. (2016). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 60 (4): 587–616. doi:10.1177/0022002714545332. hdl:10023/9391. S2CID 54538341.
  14. ^ End of The Exception Time, 31 March 1967
  15. ^ "Vice President Berewa Leads SLPP", statehouse-sl.org, 6 September 2005.
  16. ^ "Freetown opposition party wins majority", Reuters (IOL), 24 August 2007.
  17. ^ Rod MacJohnson, "Sierra Leone gets a new leader", AFP (The Times, South Africa), 17 September 2007.
  18. ^ "S Leone opposition win presidency", BBC News, 17 September 2007.
  19. ^ "Berewa steps aside after losing vote", AFP (IOL), 18 October 2007.
  20. ^ "7 March 2018 Election in Sierra Leone by numbers" (PDF). 15 March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  21. ^ "Julius Maada Bio sworn in as new Sierra Leone president". Reuters. 4 April 2018.
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