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Langton's ant

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Langton's ant after 11,000 steps. A red pixel shows the ant's location.

Langton's ant is a two-dimensional universal Turing machine with a very simple set of rules but complex emergent behavior. It was invented by Chris Langton in 1986 and runs on a square lattice of black and white cells.[1] The universality of Langton's ant was proven in 2000.[2] The idea has been generalized in several different ways, such as turmites which add more colors and more states.

Rules

Animation of first 200 steps of Langton's ant

Squares on a plane are colored variously either black or white. We arbitrarily identify one square as the "ant". The ant can travel in any of the four cardinal directions at each step it takes. The "ant" moves according to the rules below:

  • At a white square, turn 90° clockwise, flip the color of the square, move forward one unit
  • At a black square, turn 90° counter-clockwise, flip the color of the square, move forward one unit

Langton's ant can also be described as a cellular automaton, where the grid is colored black or white and the "ant" square has one of eight different colors assigned to encode the combination of black/white state and the current direction of motion of the ant.[2]

Modes of behavior

These simple rules lead to complex behavior. Three distinct modes of behavior are apparent,[3] when starting on a completely white grid.

  1. Simplicity. During the first few hundred moves it creates very simple patterns which are often symmetric.
  2. Chaos. After a few hundred moves, a large, irregular pattern of black and white squares appears. The ant traces a pseudo-random path until around 10,000 steps.
  3. Emergent order. Finally the ant starts building a recurrent "highway" pattern of 104 steps that repeats indefinitely.

All finite initial configurations tested eventually converge to the same repetitive pattern, suggesting that the "highway" is an attractor of Langton's ant, but no one has been able to prove that this is true for all such initial configurations. It is only known that the ant's trajectory is always unbounded regardless of the initial configuration[4] – this is known as the Cohen-Kong theorem.[5]

Computational universality

In 2000, Gajardo et al. showed a construction that calculates any boolean circuit using the trajectory of a single instance of Langton's ant.[2] Additionally, it would be possible to simulate an arbitrary Turing machine using the ant's trajectory for computation. This means that the ant is capable of universal computation.

Extension to multiple colors

Greg Turk and Jim Propp considered a simple extension to Langton's ant where instead of just two colors, more colors are used.[6] The colors are modified in a cyclic fashion. A simple naming scheme is used: for each of the successive colors, a letter "L" or "R" is used to indicate whether a left or right turn should be taken. Langton's ant has the name "RL" in this naming scheme.

Some of these extended Langton's ants produce patterns that become symmetric over and over again. One of the simplest examples is the ant "RLLR". One sufficient condition for this to happen is that the ant's name, seen as a cyclic list, consists of consecutive pairs of identical letters "LL" or "RR". (the term "cyclic list" indicates that the last letter may pair with the first one) The proof involves Truchet tiles.

  • Some example patterns in the multiple-color extension of Langton's ants:
  • RLR: Grows chaotically. It is not known whether this ant ever produces a highway.
    RLR: Grows chaotically. It is not known whether this ant ever produces a highway.
  • LLRR: Grows symmetrically.
    LLRR: Grows symmetrically.
  • LRRRRRLLR: Fills space in a square around itself.
    LRRRRRLLR: Fills space in a square around itself.
  • LLRRRLRLRLLR: Creates a convoluted highway.
    LLRRRLRLRLLR: Creates a convoluted highway.
  • RRLLLRLLLRRR: Creates a filled triangle shape that grows and moves.
    RRLLLRLLLRRR: Creates a filled triangle shape that grows and moves.
  • L2NNL1L2L1: Hexagonal grid, grows circularly.
    L2NNL1L2L1: Hexagonal grid, grows circularly.
  • L1L2NUL2L1R2: Hexagonal grid, spiral growth.
    L1L2NUL2L1R2: Hexagonal grid, spiral growth.
  • R1R2NUR2R1L2: Animation.
    R1R2NUR2R1L2: Animation.

The hexagonal grid permits up to six different rotations, which are notated here as N (no change), R1 (60° clockwise), R2 (120° clockwise), U (180°), L2 (120° counter-clockwise), L1 (60° counter-clockwise).

Extension to multiple states

Main article: Turmite

A further extension of Langton's ants is to consider multiple states of the Turing machine – as if the ant itself has a color that can change. These ants are called turmites, a contraction of "Turing machine termites". Common behaviours include the production of highways, chaotic growth and spiral growth.[7]

  • Some example turmites:
  • Spiral growth.
    Spiral growth.
  • Semi-chaotic growth.
    Semi-chaotic growth.
  • Production of a highway after a period of chaotic growth.
    Production of a highway after a period of chaotic growth.
  • Chaotic growth with a distinctive texture.
    Chaotic growth with a distinctive texture.
  • Growth with a distinctive texture inside an expanding frame.
    Growth with a distinctive texture inside an expanding frame.
  • Constructing a Fibonacci spiral.
    Constructing a Fibonacci spiral.
  • Constructing a growing diamond
    Constructing a growing diamond

Extension to multiple ants

A colony (as an absolute oscillator) builds a triangle

Multiple Langton's ants can co-exist on the 2D plane, and their interactions give rise to complex, higher-order automata that collectively build a wide variety of organized structures.

There are different ways of modelling their interaction and the results of the simulation may strongly depend on the choices made.[8]

One may choose that all the ants sitting on the same square simultaneously make the same change to the tape. There is a YouTube video showing the simulation of such multiple ant interactions. Also there exists family of colonies which is absolute oscillator with linear period 4(8n+3).

Multiple turmites can co-exist on the 2D plane as long as there is a rule that defines what happens when they meet. Ed Pegg, Jr. considered ants that can turn for example both left and right, splitting in two and annihilating each other when they meet.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Langton, Chris G. (1986). "Studying artificial life with cellular automata" (PDF). Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 22 (1–3): 120–149. Bibcode:1986PhyD...22..120L. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(86)90237-X. hdl:2027.42/26022.
  2. ^ a b c Gajardo, A.; Moreira, A.; Goles, E. (15 March 2002). "Complexity of Langton's ant" (PDF). Discrete Applied Mathematics. 117 (1–3): 41–50. arXiv:nlin/0306022. doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00334-6. S2CID 1107883.
  3. ^ Pratchett, Terry; Stewart, Ian; Cohen, Jack (1999). The Science Of Discworld. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0091865153.
  4. ^ Bunimovich, Leonid A.; Troubetzkoy, Serge E. (1992). "Recurrence properties of Lorentz lattice gas cellular automata". Journal of Statistical Physics. 67 (1–2): 289–302. Bibcode:1992JSP....67..289B. doi:10.1007/BF01049035. S2CID 121346477.
  5. ^ Stewart, I. (1994). "The Ultimate in Anty-Particles" (PDF). Sci. Am. 271 (1): 104–107. Bibcode:1994SciAm.271a.104S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0794-104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  6. ^ Gale, D.; Propp, J.; Sutherland, S.; Troubetzkoy, S. (1995). "Further Travels with My Ant". Mathematical Entertainments Column, Mathematical Intelligencer. 17: 48–56. arXiv:math/9501233. doi:10.1007/BF03024370. S2CID 123800756.
  7. ^ Pegg, Jr., Ed. "Turmite". From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource, created by Eric W. Weisstein. Retrieved 15 October 2009..
  8. ^ Belgacem, S.; Fatès, N. (2012). "Robustness of Multi-agent Models: The Example of Collaboration between Turmites with Synchronous and Asynchronous Updating" (PDF). Complex Systems. 21 (3): 165–182. doi:10.25088/ComplexSystems.21.3.165.
  9. ^ Pegg, Jr., Ed. "Math Puzzle". Retrieved 15 October 2009..
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