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Siwanoy

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Siwanoy
Siwanoy is located in Long Island
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy
Siwanoy (Long Island)
Map of Long Island Sound showing approximate location of known Siwanoy settlements
Regions with significant populations
United States(New York)
Languages
Munsee
Religion
Indigenous religion
Related ethnic groups
Wappinger, Lenape, Wecquaesgeek, Mahican

The Siwanoy (/ˈsaɪwənɔɪ/) were an Indigenous American band of Munsee-speaking people,[1] who lived in Long Island Sound along the coasts of what are now The Bronx, Westchester County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut.[2] They were one of the western bands of the Wappinger Confederacy.[3] By 1640, their territory (Wykagyl) extended from Hell Gate to Norwalk, Connecticut, and as far inland as White Plains;[4] it became hotly contested between Dutch and English colonial interests.[5]: 28 

Name

The Siwanoy are listed in southern Westchester County, New York, and westernmost Fairfield County, Connecticut on this excerpt of Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ (Amsterdam, 1685).

The origin of the name Siwanoy is unknown. It appears at least as early in that spelling on the 1685 revision of a 1656 Dutch map, Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ ("New Netherland and New England", and also parts of Virginia, by Petrus Schenk the Younger from an original by Nicolaes Visscher I.

The name Siwanoy may be a corruption of Siwanak, "salt people".[4]: 585 

Language

The Siwanoy spoke Munsee, a Delaware language, which was an Eastern Algonquian language.[6] Nohham Cachat-Schilling of the Massachusetts Ethical Archaeology Society writes that the Siwaony might not have spoken Munsee but instead may have spoken Paugusset or another dialect.[7]

Culture

Like the greater Lenape, women typically wore their hair loose, whereas men would often remove all hair but a long forelock.[8]: 5  They frequently painted their bodies and faces (black, red, yellow, blue, and white) for ceremonial rites, war, and festive occasions, or to mourn the dead.[8]: 5  Wampum jewelry and belts were worn as a symbol of social status.[8]: 5–6  The Siwanoy no doubt ate all varieties of fish and shellfish, as the shore had numerous fishing stations and a rich aquatic life; and the interior provided fruits, nuts, and animal life.[8]: 5 

Their closest allies were the Lenape to the west and the Mahicans to the north, with whom they shared a totem (or emblem) – the “enchanted wolf”, with the right paw raised defiantly.[9][3]: 27–28  They were also allied and shared a common lifestyle with the Wecquaesgeek.[8]: 3  Like other tribes of the area, the Siwanoy were loosely organized into several groups, each with a sagamore (chieftain) and a somewhat-defined territory.

Settlements

The Siwanoys' largest village in 1640 was Poningo, located near modern-day Rye.[4]: 279  They also had stockade settlements at Ann Hook's Neck, Hunter Island, and Davenport Neck (Shippan), and “winter quarters” farther south at Hell Gate.[3]: 27  They referred to the area surrounding Ann Hook's Neck and Hunter Island as Laaphawachking ("place of stringing beads"),[5]: 37  because of the large quantities of wampum produced there.[8]: 6 

The village of Nanichiestawack, or Nawchestaweck ("place of safety"), located near present-day Woods Bridge at Muscoot Reservoir,[a] was destroyed during the Pound Ridge massacre in 1644.[10][11]

The geographic feature Throggs Neck, shown in red, in the Bronx

In the early 20th century, Alanson Skinner unearthed the Throgs Neck site, on the peninsula Throggs Neck, and sites at Clasons Point in the Bronx, which he identified as being once occupied by Siwanoy, as well as other peoples.[1] Native people attacked a European ship from this site in 1619.[1]

Religion

Two glacial erratic boulders named Grey Mare and Mishow, located on Hunter Island, were spiritually significant to the Siwanoy.[8] Here the Siwanoys practiced their sacred ceremonies, and two sachems are believed to be buried at Mishow; the Siwanoys believed the boulders to have been placed there by their guardian Manitou (the spiritual, omnipresent life force that manifests itself in everything).[5]: 37–38  Many Siwanoys likely became Christianized; the Siwanoy sagamore Wampage I was one of these, taking John White as a baptismal name.[3]: 38 

17th-century history

Conflict with European colonists

Further information: Kieft's War and Pound Ridge massacre

The western bands of the Wappinger, including the Siwanoy, were at war with the Dutch from 1640 to 1645.[12]: 913  Part of this period is often referred to as Kieft's War, and is said to have cost the lives of some 1,600 Wappinger refugees.[12]: 913  Thus, tensions between the colonists and the indigenous people of the area were extremely high at this time.

A group of Siwanoy, led by Wampage I, killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, and nine others in August 1643,[13] near Split Rock, an ancient landmark. The only survivor was Hutchinson's nine-year-old daughter, Susanna - possibly spared because of her red hair - who "became the wife of an Indian Chief, residing in a settlement near the Split Rock".[14] It has been written that Wampage himself was the murderer of Hutchinson and that he adopted the name of Anhōōke due to a Mahican custom of taking the name of a notable person personally killed.[15][16]: 18 

In February 1644, the entire village of Nanichiestawack was wiped out by 130 Dutch mercenaries under Capt. John Underhill. The surprise attack, known as the Pound Ridge massacre, took place while a large number of Siwanoy and Wecquaesgeek people were gathered together for a corn festival. The Dutch forces slaughtered between 500 and 700 indigenous people, including women and children, who were forced into their homes and burned alive.[11][10]

Treaty with Thomas Pell

On June 27, 1654, sagamores Shāwānórōckquot (Shanarockwell), Poquōrūm, Anhōōke (Wampage I), Wawhāmkus, and Mehúmōw deeded to Thomas Pell 9,160 acres of land east of the Hutchinson River northward to Mamaroneck, including modern day Pelham, New Rochelle, The Pelham Islands, and portions of The Bronx.[14]: 13 [16]: 1  The parties signed a treaty under the Treaty Oak near Bartow-Pell Mansion in Pelham.[16]: 18–20  New Netherland authorities did not recognize his title, accusing the New Englanders of continued encroachment upon Dutch territory. In September 1664, the British Navy, supported by a militia invasion force consisting largely of City Island colonists and led by Pell himself, entered New Amsterdam and forced Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor of New Netherland, to surrender.[17]

Merger and removal

Following the 1654 treaty, the Siwanoys remained in the area around Westchester County for another hundred years, until they eventually "melted away" by intermarriage with the English settlers.[3]

18th- to 19th-century history

Some continued to reside along the shore in Westchester County until 1756, when most of the Wappinger and Mahicans remaining in the area joined the Nanticoke, then living under the protection of the Iroquois, and with them were eventually merged into the Lenape. Some of them joined the Stockbridge Indians, a Lenape people who were forcibly removed to Wisconsin in the 1830s.[12]

Descendants

The Stockbridge Munsee Community is a federally recognized tribe based in Wisconsin.[18] The Delaware Nation and Delaware Tribe of Indians are both federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma.[18] New York, New Jersey, and Delaware have state-recognized tribes that identify as Lenape descendants.[19]

Notable Siwanoys

Notable Siwanoy descendants

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Although the village of Nanichiestawack was located north of the traditional extent of Siwanoy territory, between 500 and 700 Siwanoy and Wecquaesgeek people were killed there during the Pound Ridge massacre.[10][11]

References

  1. ^ a b c Cantwell, Anne-Marie E.; Wall, Diana diZerega (2001). Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9780300097993.
  2. ^ Cook, Sherburne Friend (1976). The Indian Population of New England in the Seventeenth Century. University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-520-09553-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Pell, Robert T. (1965), "Thomas Pell II (1675/76-1739): Third Lord of the Manor of Pelham", Pelliana: Pell of Pelham, New Series, vol. I (3): 25–48
  4. ^ a b c Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Vol. 3. ISBN 9781582187501. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  5. ^ a b c d e Bolton, Robert (1881). History of the Several Towns, Manors, and Patents of the County of Westchester. New York: Chas. F. Roper. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  6. ^ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Bruce G., Trigger (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0160045752.
  7. ^ Cachat-Schilling, Nohham (June 2022). "Decolonizing Our Story, Indigenous Peoples of the Great Rivers Intervale: an Onomastic and Identity Review". p. 31.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g O'Hea Anderson, Marianne (June 1996). "Native Americans" (PDF). Administrator's Office, Van Cortlandt & Pelham Bay Parks, City of New York Parks & Recreation. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-20.
  9. ^ Ruttenber, E. M. (1872). History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell. p. 50.
  10. ^ a b c Kriss, Gary (1982-10-31). "As Darkness Descends, Wraiths Arise". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  11. ^ a b c Maxson, Thomas F. (2009). Mount Nimham: The Ridge of Patriots. Molokai, Hawaii: Robert Sterling Publishing. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9780578025810.
  12. ^ a b c Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Vol. 4. ISBN 9781582187518. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  13. ^ Shorto, Russell (2004). The Island at the Center of the World. New York: Doubleday/Vintage. pp. 160, 384. ISBN 1-4000-7867-9.
  14. ^ a b c Barr, Lockwood (1946). Ancient Town of Pelham, Westchester County, New York. Richmond, Va.: Dietz Press. p. 13.
  15. ^ Mays, Victor (1962). Pathway to a Village: A History of Bronxville. Nebko Press. p. 14.
  16. ^ a b c Bell, Blake A. (2004). Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak. New York: iUniverse.
  17. ^ "Town of Pelham History".
  18. ^ a b "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register. 87 FR 4636: 4636–41. January 28, 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  19. ^ "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  20. ^ Saunders, James B. (1991). The Pelham Manor Story, 1891-1991. pp. 28–29.
  21. ^ a b Carella, Angela (2020-07-22). "Hatchets, hoes and mirrors: Deed shows how colonists bought Stamford". Stamford Advocate. Stamford, Connecticut. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  22. ^ Markowitz, Dan (1999-11-21). "A Village Here, A Village There. But Why?; For Many in Mamaroneck, It Is Still the 'Place Where We Gather'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
  23. ^ Marchant, Robert (2015-02-21). "Born in conflict, a town called Greenwich emerges". Greenwich Time. Greenwich, Connecticut. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
  24. ^ a b 1966 Congressional Record, Vol. 112, Page S606 (1966-01-19)
  1. ^ "Siwanoy Nation Incorporated". OpenCorporates. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
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