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Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon

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CVS401 Perseus (Concept)
An artist's depiction of the Perseus hypersonic multi-role cruise missile concept study. Alongside it are its two effectors which have been released from the lateral bays of the parent missile. It is unlikely that the Perseus concept will be developed further for the FC/ASW program.
TypeAir-launched cruise missile
Anti-ship cruise missile
Land-attack missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile
Place of originFrance
United Kingdom
Italy
Production history
ManufacturerMBDA
Specifications
Mass800 kg (1,800 lb)
Length5 m (16 ft 5 in)
WarheadA 200 kg main warhead with an additional 2 x 40–50kg inertially guided effectors from lateral bays.
EngineRamjet motor.
Operational
range
Unknown
Flight altitudeTwo types of attack profile are envisioned: A high-altitude approach, or a sea-skimming low-altitude approach followed by a pop-up.
Maximum speed Mach 5[1][N 1][dead link‍]
Guidance
system
A multimode active e-scan radar and a laser radar. Also features a semi-active laser guidance capability.
Launch
platform
Ship, submarine or aircraft.

The FC/ASW ("Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon"), FMAN/FMC ("Futur missile anti-navire/Futur missile de croisière" in French), FOSW ("Future Offensive Surface Weapon") or SPEAR 5 is a new generation missile programme launched by France and the United Kingdom in 2017 to succeed their jointly-developed Storm Shadow/SCALP as well as their respective Exocet and Harpoon anti-ship missiles.[2][3][4][5] Equally funded by both countries, the project is led by European missile manufacturer MBDA and is a product of the close defence relationship set out between both nations by the Lancaster House treaties.[6] In June 2023, it was announced Italy would be joining the program and began providing funding in November.[7][8]

In 2017, an agreement for the launch of a concept phase of the programme was signed between the two countries and, in March 2019, MBDA announced the key review of the programme was successfully completed in cooperation with the French Defence Procurement Agency (DGA) and the British Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S).[4]

On 18 February 2022, an agreement and associated contracts signed by the head of the DGA, his British counterpart and the CEO of MBDA confirmed the launch of the preparation works for the FC/ASW.[9][3]

As of 2022 the program was examining two concepts: a low observable subsonic cruise missile and a supersonic highly manoeuvrable missile; with the apparent discontinuation of a hypersonic solution similar to the CVS401 Perseus which was an early hypersonic missile concept from MBDA developed with input from both France and the UK.[9]

The latest timeline for the for the program is that the assessment phase will be completed in 2024 and would move to the manufacturing phase from 2025 till 2035.[8] There was also confirmation of two different, role-specific variants with the announcement that a deep-strike, land-attack variant would be delivered from 2028 and an anti-ship variant from 2034.[8]

Development

CVS401 Perseus

Unveiled in 2011 at the Salon du Bourget in Paris,[4] Perseus or CVS401 Perseus (named after the Greek hero Perseus) was a concept study undertaken by MBDA for a stealth hypersonic cruise missile designed in consultation with the Royal and French Navies and was produced by ten engineers working on the design for six months.[1][10][11][12][13][14][15]

The Perseus was to be approximately five metres (16 ft) in length, had a weight of around 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) and be powered by a ramjet motor. The payload consisted of one 200-kilogram (440 lb) main and two 50-kilogram (110 lb) subsidiary warheads which could either directly contribute to the overall impact or be ejected from lateral bays before the missile reaches its target, in effect acting as submunitions. This unique feature would allow a single Perseus to either strike several targets in the same general area or to strike a single large target (such as an aircraft carrier) in several different areas simultaneously, with the aim of maximising damage.

"In this case, a linear attack pattern could be selected, munitions striking the forward, centre and aft sections simultaneously. If a unitary blast is required, then the effectors remain on board the parent missile to add their blast effect to the central warhead."[12]

Two types of attack profiles were envisaged: a high-altitude approach, for engaging land-based targets; and a sea-skimming low-altitude approach terminating in a 'pop-up' engagement when dealing with surface threats like enemy warships.[12]

The missiles "skimming the sea at wave top" followed by a pop-up manoeuvre would only allow an estimated 3 second response time for enemy warships.[14]

The conceptualised sensor suite consisted of a multi-mode active e-scan radar with synthetic aperture radar and doppler beam sharpening, a laser radar (lidar) for terminal phase imaging and target recognition, and finally a "semi-active laser guidance capability, which MBDA believes will remain important for time-sensitive targeting for many years to come. Additionally, satellite datalink is to be incorporated for in-flight re-targeting using thin-profile, low-observable active antenna arrays.[12]

MBDA animations showed Perseus to be vertically launched from surface warships as well as from the torpedo tubes of submerged attack submarines.[16]

FC/ASW

At the 2016 UK–France Security Summit, the two parties pledged to work on a "joint concept phase for the FC/ASW programme to identify solutions for replacement of the Scalp/Storm Shadow missiles for both countries, Harpoon for the UK and Exocet for France."; leveraging the agreements set out in the Lancaster House Treaties[17] In the 2018 United Kingdom-France Summit, the FC/ASW programme was further affirmed.[18]

In July 2021, then UK Secretary of State for Defence Jeremy Quin, responded to a question on the in-service date for FC/ASW, stating: "The planning assumption for service entry for Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon on the Type 26 Frigate and Typhoon aircraft is 2028 and 2030 respectively".[19]

In September 2021 the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to progress the project was postponed by France in response to the AUKUS security pact which saw Australia cancel the acquisition of French-designed conventional submarines in favour of nuclear submarines based on technology from United States and United Kingdom (SSN-AUKUS).[20][21] In November the First Sea Lord, Admiral Tony Radakin, told the House of Commons Select Defence Committee that options for FC/ASW were still "being looked at" including potential hypersonic weapons. Were a collaborative approach still to be pursued, this might delay the introduction of these weapons until the 2030s.[22]

Concept phase

In February 2022, the UK and France signed a government agreement and associated contracts as part of the FC/ASW program.[9] This also came with the announcement that the program had begun assessing two complementary concepts for the missile's design: a subsonic low observable missile and a supersonic missile with high manoeuvrability.[23][9][24] This announcement also appeared to confirm that program had discounted the development of a hypersonic missile akin to the conceptualised Perseus, instead choosing to invest further into subsonic/supersonic missile designs.

There is little public information regarding the surface-launched variant(s) of the program, with all marketing material showing air-launched weapons only.[9] Some commentators have highlighted that while the Royal Navy's upcoming fleet mix consists of heavy usage of strike-length vertical launch cells (the eight Type 26 frigates have 24-cells dedicated for SSMs whilst the five Type 31 frigates have 32-cells which will likely be used for an indeterminate mixture of both CAMM for air defence and surface-to-surface missiles (SSM). There are also indications that both the Type 83 Destroyers[25] and the SSN-AUKUS submarines[26] will be fitted with vertical launch cells for SSMs), the French Navy currently only have six FREMMS (specifically, the ASW variants) capable of supporting vertically launched SSMs (16-cells).[27] As a result, it has been suggested that the surface launched requirements for both parties may need to be met by separate two variants, one capable of being canister launched like the existing Exocet missiles for French requirements, and another capable of vertical launch for British requirements.[27]

In June 2023 during the Paris Air Show, Italy signed a letter of intent with the UK and France to join the FC/ASW program, likely as a means of fielding future replacements both for Italy's Storm Shadow (SCALP) stockpiles and for its indigenous Teseo anti-ship missiles.[7] This also came with an announcement that FC/ASW was expected to leave the concept phase and launch the primary design phase starting in 2024 with the finished product(s) entering service around 2028–2030.[7]

On 13 November 2023, UK defence journalist Gabriele Molinelli reported that MBDA UK had begun looking at suppliers for the design and manufacture of two weapons containers suspected to be for the FC/ASW program beginning in 2026.[28] One is to be a 7 x 0.7 m container with a total weight when full of 3,350 kg believed to be for naval vertical launch systems; the other is to be 6 m and have a weight when full of over 2,000 kg believed to be for an air launched effector.[28]

On 17 November 2023, Shepard News reported that Italy had confirmed its initial funding of €10 million out of €150 million for the development of FC/ASW between 2023 and 2028.[8][29] This also came with another timeline announcement which stated that a deep-strike, land-attack variant would be delivered in 2028 and an anti-ship variant delivered in 2034, seemingly confirming that the programme would produce two role-specific missile variants of an as of yet unspecified design(s).[8][29]

Operators

Future operators

France France
Italy Italy

United Kingdom United Kingdom

Similar missiles

  • ASM-3 – a Japanese supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • BrahMos – an Indo-Russian supersonic anti-ship missile derived from the P-800 Oniks.
  • Hsiung Feng III - a Taiwanese supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • P-800 Oniks – a Russian supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • YJ-12 – a Chinese supersonic anti-ship missile.
  • AGM-158 JASSM - an American subsonic, low-observable, land attack cruise missile.
  • AGM-158C LRASM - an American subsonic, low-observable, anti-ship cruise missile derived from the AGM-158 JASSM.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Meteor - Ramjet - High End Missile Propulsion Systems". Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  2. ^ "SPEAR Missile - Think Defence". www.thinkdefence.co.uk. 2022-11-06. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  3. ^ a b Vavasseur, Xavier (February 18, 2022). "Future Cruise and Anti-Ship Weapon FC/ASW Program Reaches New Milestone".
  4. ^ a b c Smaldore, Yannick (July 31, 2019). "Will the French-British FC/ASW Missile Program Survive a Hard Brexit ?".
  5. ^ "A guide to the Type 26 Frigate | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  6. ^ "France & UK Launch Next-Gen Missile Project with MBDA to Replace Harpoon/Scalp/Exocet by 2030". Navy Recognition. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Vavasseur, Xavier (June 26, 2023). "Italy Joins France and the UK for FC/ASW Program".
  8. ^ a b c d e "Italy finally funds naval missile projects | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  9. ^ a b c d e "UK and France advance future cruise / anti-ship weapon project". MBDA.
  10. ^ "13th Report - Future Anti-Ship Missile Systems: Joint inquiry with the Assemblée nationale's Standing Committee on National Defence and the Armed Forces" (PDF). UK House of Commons Defence Select Committee. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  11. ^ "Rapport d'information déposé en application de l'article 145 du règlement, par la commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées, en conclusion des travaux d'une mission d'information conjointe sur la prochaine génération de missiles anti-navires (Mme Natalia Pouzyreff et M. Charles de la Verpillière)". Assemblée nationale.
  12. ^ a b c d "Perseus: MBDA's missile of the future?". ihsmarkit.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014.
  13. ^ "IISS Experts' Commentary - From the Paris Air Show: Enter Perseus". Archived from the original on June 28, 2012.
  14. ^ a b Harding, Thomas (21 June 2011). "New British missile three times as fast as current weapons". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  15. ^ "Defence Committee, Commission de la Défense Nationale et des Forces Armées, Oral evidence: Future Anti-ship Missile System – Joint Inquiry, HC 1071, Q118". UK House of Commons Defence Select Committee. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  16. ^ MBDA CVS401 Perseus Missile Concept, retrieved 2023-10-13
  17. ^ "UK-France Summit 3rd March 2016" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  18. ^ "2018 United Kingdom-France Summit Security and Defence" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  19. ^ "Guided Weapons: Procurement". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 2022-12-25.
  20. ^ Cabirol, Michel (4 October 2021). "Sous-marins australiens : le programme franco-britannique de missiles de croisière en suspens". La Tribune (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  21. ^ Chuter, Andrew (2021-09-21). "Decisions on new British-French cruise missile are left hanging after submarine row". Defense News. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  22. ^ "Royal Navy rows back on plans to acquire new anti-ship missiles before 2030s | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. November 4, 2021.
  23. ^ "MBDA unveils its vision of Future Air Systems | Press Release". MBDA. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  24. ^ "Tempest | Team Tempest | Royal Air Force". www.raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  25. ^ "Options for the Royal Navy's Future Air Dominance System and the Type 83 destroyer | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  26. ^ "Australia to join Royal Navy SSN(R) submarine programme | Navy Lookout". www.navylookout.com. 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  27. ^ a b gosnold (2020-11-23). "Options for the Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon". The restless technophile. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  28. ^ a b Molinelli, Gabriele (13 November 2023). "Post by Gabriele Molinelli". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  29. ^ a b Peruzzi, Luca (2023-11-20). "Italian MoD's Defence Planning Document 2023-2025: New naval and joint programs". Naval News. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
Notes
  1. ^ "Bayern-Chemie has already started to work on much more sophisticated future concepts that include hypersonic `Ramjet` propulsion systems. One such is the CVS401 PERSEUS"
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