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Cannikin

Coordinates: 51°28′13.20″N 179°6′40.75″E / 51.4703333°N 179.1113194°E / 51.4703333; 179.1113194
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A complete Spartan interceptor and warhead lowered into the shot hole.
Cannikin shot cavity

Cannikin was an underground nuclear weapons test performed on November 6, 1971, on Amchitka island, Alaska, by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.[1] The experiment, part of the Operation Grommet nuclear test series, tested the unique W71 warhead design for the LIM-49 Spartan anti-ballistic missile.[2][3] With an explosive yield of almost 5 megatons of TNT (21 PJ), the test was the largest underground explosion ever detonated by the United States.[4]

Prior to the main five-megaton test in 1971, a 1 Mt (4.2 PJ) test took place on the island on October 2, 1969, for calibration purposes, and to ensure the subsequent Cannikin test could be contained.[4] This test, Milrow, was included in the Operation Mandrel nuclear test series.

The Cannikin test faced considerable opposition on environmental grounds. The campaigning environmental organization Greenpeace grew out of efforts to oppose the test.

Siting

The Cannikin test was too large to be conducted safely in Nevada.[4] Amchitka had been considered in the 1950s as a potential nuclear test site, but had been deemed unsuitable at that time.[5] In 1965, a single nuclear test, Long Shot, was carried out on the island for the purposes of seismic test detection development, under program Vela Uniform. The Amchitka site was again investigated as an atmospheric nuclear test site for intercontinental ballistic missile silo design under Project Rufus in the 1960s, but the atmospheric testing component was abandoned following the establishment of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.[6]

Preparation

Preparation for the test took place over five years and involved hundreds of staff from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, later the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Drilling for the shaft for the Milrow test began in March 1967, with drilling for the Cannikin test commencing in August 1967.[7]

To perform the test, 400 tons of equipment was placed in a shaft 1,870 metres (6,150 ft) deep and 2.3 metres (90 in) wide. Test support equipment was designed to survive a ground upheaval of 4.6 metres (15 ft) at test time.[2]

The chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, James R. Schlesinger, brought his wife and two daughters to Amchitka for the test to emphasize the safety of the test.[8]

Opposition

Both the 1969 calibration test and Cannikin itself attracted protest. Because of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the plans raised concerns that tests might trigger earthquakes and cause a tsunami. A 1969 demonstration of 7,000[9] people blocked a major U.S.–Canada border crossing in British Columbia, carrying signs reading "Don't Make A Wave. It's Your Fault If Our Fault Goes".[10] Further demonstrations occurred at Canada–US border crossings in Ontario and Quebec.[11] The Canadian Don't Make a Wave Committee, founded that year in Vancouver, attempted to halt further nuclear testing on the Aleutian Islands chain.[12] With the intention of sailing to Amchitka to protest the 1971 test, the committee chartered a ship it renamed Greenpeace. During the voyage to Amchitka, the test was delayed a month. The ship was turned back by the U.S. Coast Guard, although a letter given to the Greenpeace crew showed support of the protest by some on the intervening Coast Guard ship. Under the Greenpeace name, the organization created for the protest continued to exist as the campaigning environmental organization Greenpeace.

In July 1971, the anti-nuclear Committee for Nuclear Responsibility filed suit against the Atomic Energy Commission, asking the court to stop the test.[13] The suit was unsuccessful, with the Supreme Court denying the injunction by 4 votes to 3.[14] The test was carried out and did not cause a tsunami as feared.

See also

References

  1. ^ Mark Nuttall (2004). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. ISBN 1579584365. the AEC instituted an extensive bioenvironmental program on Amchitka, and within a few years had completed Project Milrow, Project Long Shot, and Project Cannikin
  2. ^ a b "Accomplishments in the 1970s: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
  3. ^ Robert Rogalski (March 14, 2007). Classification Bulletin – TNP-29 – The fact that the Cannikin event was a proof test of the W71 warhead for the Spartan missile system (Report). Pursuant to section 142d of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, you determine that the following information can be published without undue risk to the common defense and security and can therefore be declassified and removed from the Formerly Restricted Data category: The fact that the Cannikin event was a proof test of the W71 warhead for the Spartan missile system.
  4. ^ a b c The containment of underground nuclear explosions. 1989. This test, by far the highest-yield underground test ever conducted by the United States, was too large to be safely conducted in Nevada
  5. ^ Giblin, Michael O.; David C. Stahl; Jodi A. Bechtel. Surface remediation in the Aleutian Islands: A case study of Amchitka Island, Alaska (PDF). WM '02 Conference, Tucson AZ, February 24–28, 2002. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
  6. ^ Project Larkspur, Amchitka Island, Alaska, Investigations of Areas 1, 2, 3 and 4 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Engineer District, North Pacific Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers. March 1965. p. 1.
  7. ^ "Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program: Facility List" (PDF). For the Milrow detonation, drilling began March 9, 1967
  8. ^ Jim Clarke (June 29, 1997). "Scientists Hunt for H-Bomb Fallout". Los Angeles Times. James Schlesinger, then AEC chairman, brought his wife and two daughters to Amchitka for the Cannikin blast
  9. ^ "Protests fail to stop Nuclear Test countdown", The Free-Lance Star - October 2, 1969, Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009.
  10. ^ Brown, Michael; May, John (1991). The Greenpeace Story (2nd ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-86318-691-2.
  11. ^ "Alaska is Braced for Atomic Shock", St. Petersburg Times - October 2, 1969. Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009. Has a subtitle - Demonstrators picket US Embassy in Ottawa.
  12. ^ The Story of Project Cannikin: In 1971, the U.S. Military Nuked Alaska
  13. ^ "Round 2 at Amchitka". U.S. Time. New York City. July 17, 1971. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
  14. ^ "The Amchitka Bomb Goes Off". Time. November 15, 1971. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2006.

51°28′13.20″N 179°6′40.75″E / 51.4703333°N 179.1113194°E / 51.4703333; 179.1113194

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