Creeping vole
| Creeping vole | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Arvicolinae |
| Genus: | Microtus |
| Subgenus: | Pitymys |
| Species: | M. oregoni
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| Binomial name | |
| Microtus oregoni (Bachman, 1839)
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| Distribution of the creeping vole | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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List
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The creeping vole (Microtus oregoni), sometimes known as the Oregon meadow mouse, is a small rodent in the family Cricetidae. Ranging across the Pacific Northwest of North America, it is found in forests, grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral environments. The small-tailed, furry, brownish-gray mammal was first described in the scientific literature in 1839, from a specimen collected near the mouth of the Columbia River. The smallest vole in its range, it weighs around 19 g (11⁄16 oz). At birth, they weigh 1.6 g (1⁄16 oz), are naked, pink, unable to open their eyes, and the ear flaps completely cover the ear openings. Although not always common throughout their range, there are no major concerns for their survival as a species.
Taxonomy
The animal was described in 1839 by John Bachman.[4] The original scientific name was Arvicola oregoni with a common name of the Oregon meadow mouse.[4] The type specimen was an older male collected November 2, 1836 near the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon.[4] The specimen had been submitted to Bachman for review by John Kirk Townsend.[4] Subsequent authorities state that it was collected at Astoria, Oregon, which is at the mouth of the Columbia River.[5] In 1857, Baird placed Arvicola oregoni in a section Chilotus of the subgenus Arvicola of the genus Arvicola.[6] In 1874, PNAS paper, Coues reclassified Chilotus as a subgenus and refers to the animal as Arvicola (Chilotus) oregonus.[7][8] Miller subsequently reclassified the animal in the genus Microtus and maintained the subgenus Chilotus.[9] This was the first reference to the animal under its current scientific name Microtus oregoni.[5] It was subsequently reclassified to the subgenus Mynomes,[3] though the American Society of Mammalogists lumps that subgenus's species in with subgenus Pitymys.[10]
Description
| Skull dimensions[5] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | |
| Basal length | 20.9 mm (0.82 in) | 23.4 mm (0.92 in) |
| Nasal length | 6.7 mm (0.26 in) | 7.3 mm (0.29 in) |
| Zygomatic breadth | 14 mm (0.55 in) | 14.9 mm (0.59 in) |
| Mastoid breadth | 11 mm (0.43 in) | 12.6 mm (0.50 in) |
| Upper molar alveolus | 5.5 mm (0.22 in) | 6.1 mm (0.24 in) |
On average, creeping voles weigh around 19 g (11⁄16 oz) with a reported range of 14.5 to 27.5 g (1⁄2 to 1 oz)[5] The average length is around 140 mm (5.5 in), with a range of around 129 to 154 mm (5.1 to 6.1 in)[5] Compared to other voles within their geographic range, they are the smallest.[5] They have smaller eye opening (around 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter) compared to other voles that share the same geographic range (sympatric) or have adjacent ranges (parapatric).[5] There are other distinguishing features of the roots and enamel of the molar teeth that help in differentiation.[5] Unlike other voles in the range, only the creeping vole and the (much larger) water vole have five plantar tubercles on the hindfeet.[5]
They are Pentadactyl, although the pollex is reduced in size and lack a claw.[5] They walk with their feet planted firmly on the ground (plantigrade locomotion).[5] The foot pads have a moderate amount of fur.[5]
The fur markings are plumbeous to a dark brown or black.[5] There are sometimes yellowish hair markings as well.[5] The underside fur markings tend to be lighter beige to whitish.[5] The tail may be gray to black and often lighter below.[5]
Creeping voles have a relatively short tail, measuring less than 30% their total body length.[5] They have short ears, which are nearly hairless, though a few black hairs present.[5] They protrude just slightly from the fur around the head.[5] They have eight mammae, with two pairs present in each of the pectoral and inguinal regions.[5]
The skull of the creeping vole has a low, flat profile, with a long and slender snout.[5] The zygomatic arches are somewhat delicate.[5] The incisive foramen is short and wide, but not so much as to be a distinguishing feature.[5] They have small molars.[5]
Distribution and habitat
Creeping voles are found in British Columbia in Canada and in Washington, Oregon and northern California, in the United States.[1] They are found as far north as Port Moody, British Columbia and as far south as Mendocino City, California.[5] The western range in Washington extends east to Mount Aix, Lake Chelan, and Signal Peak.[5] The range in Oregon extends east to the north base of Three Sisters and to Crater Lake.[5] There are variable reports as to their occurrence in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.[5] In California, they are found as far east as Beswick and South Yolla Bolly Mountain.[5]
They are found in coniferous forests and woodlands, grasslands, and chaparral.[2] They are found at sea level through altitudes of nearly 2,400 m (7,900 ft).[5] They are more populous in areas of disturbance than virgin forests.[2] They are burrowing animals and will also use fallen logs, other debris, and patches of grass for cover.[2] The burrows are shallow.[2] They are found in moist forests along the coast, but may do well in drier areas.[2]
It is suspected that ancestral voles migrated from Eurasia 1.2 million years ago.[5] However, no Pleistocene-era fossils of creeping voles have been identified.[5]
Behavior and ecology
Creeping voles establish nests of dry grass in protected areas, such as under logs.[1] The breeding season varies by latitude, but is mainly March to September in Oregon and British Columbia.[1] Gestation lasts around 23 days. Each litter bears three to four young and the females may produce four or five litters a year.[1] The naked, pink newborn young weigh around 1.6 g (1⁄16 oz).[11] Their eyes are closed and skin flaps cover the ear openings.[11]
Creeping voles are primarily nocturnal, though they are sometimes active during the day.[1] They are herbivorous, probably eating forbs and grasses, as well as fungi.[1]
Genetics
Creeping vole females have XO sex chromosomes, while males have XY. Evolutionary geneticists have investigated these sex chromosomal features of creeping voles. A models for the evolution of creeping vole sex chromosomes was published by researchers from the University of Edinburgh in 2001.[12] Recently, it was discovered the Y chromosome has been lost, the male-determining chromosome is a second X that is largely homologous to the female X, and both the maternally inherited and male-specific sex chromosomes carry vestiges of the ancestral Y. This is quite unusual in mammals, as the XY system is fairly stable across a number of mammal species.[13]
Conservation status
Although it is not widely distributed and not always common, the creeping vole is listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List.[1] The justifications for the listing are the lack of major threats, the stability of populations, and the adaptability of the animal to environmental changes.[1] Treatment of Douglas-fir plantations with herbicides in British Columbia did not affect creeping vole populations.[1] No conservation concerns are raised, since there are thought to be sufficient areas of protected habitat within its range.[1] NatureServe lists the species as secure within its range.[2]
References
Footnotes:
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k IUCN Red List 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g NatureServe 2016.
- ^ a b Musser & Carleton 2005.
- ^ a b c d Bachman 1839, p. 61.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Verts & Carraway 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Miller 1896, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Miller 1896, p. 22.
- ^ "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1874, Volume 26, Page 198 | Document Viewer". Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
- ^ Miller 1896, pp. 60–62.
- ^ "Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]". Mammal Diversity Database. 2023.
- ^ a b Verts & Carraway 1985, p. 2.
- ^ Charlesworth & Dempsey 2001.
- ^ Couger, Matthew B.; Roy, Scott W.; Anderson, Noelle; Gozashti, Landen; Pirro, Stacy; Millward, Lindsay S.; Kim, Michelle; Kilburn, Duncan; Liu, Kelvin J.; Wilson, Todd M.; Epps, Clinton W.; Dizney, Laurie; Ruedas, Luis A.; Campbell, Polly (7 May 2021). "Sex chromosome transformation and the origin of a male-specific X chromosome in the creeping vole". Science. 372 (6542): 592–600. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..592C. doi:10.1126/science.abg7019. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33958470. S2CID 233872862.
Sources:
- Bachman, John (1839). "Description of several new species of American quadruped". Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8 (60): 57–74. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- Charlesworth, B.; Dempsey, N. D. (April 2001). "A model of the evolution of the unusual sex chromosome system of Microtus oregoni". Heredity. 86 (4): 387–394. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00803.x. PMID 11520338.
- Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Microtus oregoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42632A115197199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42632A22347079.en.
- Miller, Gerrit S. (23 July 1896). "The genera and subgenera of voles and lemmings". North American Fauna. 12: 1–85. doi:10.3996/nafa.12.0001.
- "Comprehensive Report Species – Microtus oregoni". NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- Musser, G. G.; Carleton, M. D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1011. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (24 May 1985). "Microtus oregoni" (PDF). Mammalian Species (233): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503854. JSTOR 3503854. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.