Manifesto of the Province of Flanders
The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders (1790 Dutch: Manifest van de Provintie van Vlaenderen; modern Dutch: Manifest van de Provincie Vlaanderen) was the declaration of independence of the county of Flanders on 4 January 1790, during the Brabantine Revolution. On this day, the States of Flanders "solemnly declare[d] in the name of the People, the province of Flanders to be an independent State, and definitively withdrawn from its loyalty and obedience to emperor Joseph II, count of Flanders, and from the House of Austria."[1] The States also declared "all officials, lieges and other servants, whoever they may be, free and absolved from all concluded and indebted contracts, and discharged from every oath done to the fallen count of Flanders."[2]
Resistance against the reign of Joseph II in the Austrian Netherlands, which worsened in 1786–87 when a number of States refused to pay their taxes (beden) and the landvoogden reversed all reform decrees on their own authority, escalated to open rebellion in the course of 1789, heavily influenced by the simultaneous French Revolution and Liège Revolution which had commenced a few months earlier.[3] On 24 October 1789, Hendrik van der Noot had already proclaimed the independence of the Duchy of Brabant by the Manifesto of the People of Brabant, abjuring Joseph II as the duke of Brabant.[4] From Breda in the Dutch Republic, a small army of patriots first conquered Brabant, next Flanders, Hainaut, Tournai and the Tournaisis, Namur and the rest of the Southern Netherlands except Luxembourg, finally taking Brussels in December.[5]
The manifesto elaborates why the Habsburg princes had not fulfilled their "constitutional" duties, and therefore, the abjuration of Joseph II's right to rule was justified. After summing up all violations of their rightful freedoms, the States of Flanders conclude: "Thus, one sought to subject the brave Netherlanders[6] to complete slavery, and treat them like the inhabitants of Moravia and Croatia." The text composed in Dutch and French by Karel Jozef de Graeve, Jean-Joseph Raepsaet and Maarten de Bast. The ideas expressed in the manifesto were primarily inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence (1776).[7]
The States of the respective Southern Netherlandish provinces united in a new confederal republic, the United Belgian States (7 January – 11 December 1790), which was reconquered after eleven months by the Imperial army.[8]
References
- ^ Original text: "(...) verklaeren wy pligtig, en maeken kenbaer uyt den naem van het Volk, de Provintie van Vlaenderen eenen onafhangelyken Staet te zyn, en 't eenemael ontrokken aen de getrouwigheyd en gehoorzaemheyd van den Keyzer Joseph den II., Graeve van Vlaenderen, en van het Huys van Oostenrijk."
- ^ Original text: "Verklaeren nog alle Hoog-regt hebbende, Amptenaeren, Leen-mannen en alle andere Bediende, wie die ook wezen mogten, vry en ontlast van alle aengegaen en schuldige verbintenissen; en verders ontslagen van allen eed aen den vervallen Grave van Vlaenderen gedaen."
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Brabantse Omwenteling. §1. Oorzaken". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
- ^ Ernst Heinrich Kossmann, De Lage Landen 1780-1980. Twee eeuwen Nederland en België. Deel I: 1780–1914 (2005) p. 59. Amsterdam/Antwerp: Olympus (part of Atlas Contact).
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Brabantse Omwenteling. §3. De opstand". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
- ^ The original Dutch text calls the inhabitants of the Southern Netherlands 'Nederlanders', literally "Netherlanders". There was no English or French equivalent for this word at the time. When the English used the term "the Dutch", they generally referred to the population of the Dutch Republic, not the Austrian Netherlands, although the latter's northern half also spoke Dutch dialects. The French generally used the term "hollandais" to refer to the Republic's populace, employing a pars pro toto. In 18th-century French, the Southern Netherlands were increasingly referred to as Belgique and its people Belges, whereas the Dutch-speaking population of the Austrian Netherlands kept referring to themselves as Nederlanden and Nederlanders, in cultural unison with the Dutch-speaking Northern Netherlands.
- ^ Kossmann (2005) 60.
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Brabantse Omwenteling. §4. De mislukking van de Verenigde Belgische Staten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.