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Light echo

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Reflected light following path B arrives shortly after the direct flash following path A but before light following path C. B and C have the same apparent distance from the star as seen from Earth.

A light echo is a physical phenomenon caused by light reflected off surfaces distant from the source, and arriving at the observer with a delay relative to this distance. The phenomenon is analogous to an echo of sound, but due to the much faster speed of light, it mostly only manifests itself over astronomical distances.

For example, a light echo is produced when a sudden flash from a nova is reflected off a cosmic dust cloud, and arrives at the viewer after a longer duration than it otherwise would have taken with a direct path. Because of their geometries, light echoes can produce the illusion of superluminal motion.[1]

Explanation

The distance traveled from one focus to another, via some point on the ellipse, is the same regardless of the point selected.

Light echoes are produced when the initial flash from a rapidly brightening object such as a nova is reflected off intervening interstellar dust which may or may not be in the immediate vicinity of the source of the light. Light from the initial flash arrives at the viewer first, while light reflected from dust or other objects between the source and the viewer begins to arrive shortly afterward. Because this light has only traveled forward as well as away from the star, it produces the illusion of an echo expanding faster than the speed of light.[2]

In the first illustration above, light following path A is emitted from the original source and arrives at the observer first. Light which follows path B is reflected off a part of the gas cloud at a point between the source and the observer, and light following path C is reflected off a part of the gas cloud perpendicular to the direct path. Although light following paths B and C appear to come from the same point in the sky to the observer, B is actually significantly closer. As a result, the echo of the event in an evenly distributed (spherical) cloud for example will appear to the observer to expand at a rate approaching or faster than the speed of light, because the observer may assume the light from B is actually the light from C.

All reflected light rays that originate from the flash and arrive at the Earth together will have traveled the same distance. When the rays of light are reflected, the possible paths between the source and the Earth that arrive at the same time correspond to reflections on an ellipsoid, with the origin of the flash and the Earth as its two foci (see animation to the right). This ellipsoid naturally expands over time.

Examples

V838 Monocerotis

Images showing the expansion of the light echo of V838 Monocerotis. Credit: NASA/ESA.

The variable star V838 Monocerotis experienced a significant outburst in 2002 as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The outburst proved surprising to observers when the object appeared to expand at a rate far exceeding the speed of light as it grew from an apparent visual size of 4 to 7 light years in a matter of months.[2][3]

Supernovae

Using light echoes, it is sometimes possible to see the faint reflections of historical supernovae. Astronomers calculate the ellipsoid which has the Earth and a supernova remnant at its focal points in order to locate clouds of dust and gas at its boundary. Identification can be done using laborious comparisons of photos taken months or years apart, and spotting changes in the light rippling across the interstellar medium. By analyzing the spectra of reflected light, astronomers can discern chemical signatures of supernovae whose light reached Earth long before the invention of the telescope and compare the explosion with its remnants, which may be centuries or millennia old. The first recorded instance of such an echo was in 1936, but it was not studied in detail.[3]

An example is supernova SN 1987A, the closest supernova in modern times. Its light echoes have aided in mapping the morphology of the immediate vicinity [4] as well as in characterizing dust clouds lying further away but close to the line of sight from Earth.[5]

Another example is the SN 1572 supernova observed on Earth in 1572, where in 2008, faint light-echoes were seen on dust in the northern part of the Milky Way.[6][7]

Light echoes have also been used to study the supernova that produced the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A.[6] The light from Cassiopeia A would have been visible on Earth around 1660, but went unnoticed, probably because dust obscured the direct view. Reflections from different directions allow astronomers to determine if a supernova was asymmetrical and shone more brightly in some directions than in others. The progenitor of Cassiopeia A has been suspected as being asymmetric,[8] and looking at the light echoes of Cassiopeia A allowed for the first detection of supernova asymmetry in 2010.[9]

Yet other examples are supernovae SN 1993J [10] and SN 2014J.[11]

Cepheids

An echo of light detected by ESO's VLT Survey Telescope .[12]

Light echoes were used to determine the distance to the Cepheid variable RS Puppis to an accuracy of 1%. Pierre Kavella at the European Southern Observatory described this measurement as so far "the most accurate distance to a Cepheid".[13]

Nova Persei 1901

In 1939, French astronomer Paul Couderc published a study entitled "Les Auréoles Lumineuses des Novae" (Luminous Haloes of the Novae).[14] Within this study, Couderc published the derivation of echo locations and time delays in the paraboloid, rather than ellipsoid, approximation of infinite distance.[14] However, in his 1961 study, Y.K. Gulak queried Couderc's theories: "It is shown that there is an essential error in the proof according to which Couderc assumed the possibility of expansion of the bright ring (nebula) around Nova Persei 1901 with a velocity exceeding that of light."[15] He continues: "The comparison of the formulas obtained by the author, with the conclusions and formulas of Couderc, shows that the coincidence of the parallax calculated according to Coudrec's scheme, with parallaxes derived by other methods, could have been accidental."[15]

Quasar light and ionisation echoes

A Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 5972, a quasar ionisation echo.

Within the last decade, objects known either as quasar light echoes or quasar ionisation echoes have been investigated.[16][17][18][19][20][21] A well studied example of a quasar light echo is the object known as Hanny's Voorwerp (HsV).[22]

HsV is made entirely of gas so hot — about 10,000 Celsius — that astronomers felt it had to be illuminated by something powerful.[23] After several studies of light and ionisation echoes, it is thought they are likely caused by the 'echo' of a previously-active AGN that has shut down. Kevin Schawinski, a co-founder of the website Galaxy Zoo, stated: "We think that in the recent past the galaxy IC 2497 hosted an enormously bright quasar. Because of the vast scale of the galaxy and the Voorwerp, light from that past still lights up the nearby Voorwerp even though the quasar shut down sometime in the past 100,000 years, and the galaxy's black hole itself has gone quiet."[23] Chris Lintott, also a co-founder of Galaxy Zoo stated: "From the point of view of the Voorwerp, the galaxy looks as bright as it would have before the black hole turned off – it's this light echo that has been frozen in time for us to observe."[23] The analysis of HsV in turn has led to the study of objects called Voorwerpjes and Green bean galaxies.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bond, H. E.; et al. (2003). "An energetic stellar outburst accompanied by circumstellar light echoes". Nature. 422 (6930): 405–408. arXiv:astro-ph/0303513. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..405B. doi:10.1038/nature01508. PMID 12660776.
  2. ^ a b Britt, R. R.; Bond, H. (26 March 2003). "Hubble Chronicles Mysterious Outburst with 'Eye-Popping' Pictures". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  3. ^ a b "Hubble watches light echo from mysterious erupting star". European Space Agency. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  4. ^ Sugerman, B. E. K.; Crotts, A. P. S.; Kunkel, W. E.; Heathcote, S. R.; Lawrence, S. S. (2005). "A New View of the Circumstellar Environment of SN 1987A". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (2): 888–903. arXiv:astro-ph/0502268. Bibcode:2005ApJ...627..888S. doi:10.1086/430396.
  5. ^ Malin, D. "The light echo of supernova 1987A, AAT 66". Australian Astronomical Observatory.
  6. ^ a b Semeniuk, I. (23 January 2008). "Supernova 'echoes' are a window to the galaxy's past". New Scientist. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  7. ^ Krause, O.; Tanaka, M.; Usuda, T.; Hattori, T.; Goto, M.; Birkmann, S.; Nomoto, K. (2008). "Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova as a standard type Ia explosion revealed from its light echo spectrum". Nature. 456 (7222): 617–619. arXiv:0810.5106. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..617K. doi:10.1038/nature07608. PMID 19052622.
  8. ^ Wheeler, J. C.; Maund, J. R.; Couch, S. M. (2007). "The Shape of Cas A". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1091–1099. arXiv:0711.3925. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1091W. doi:10.1086/528366.
  9. ^ Rest, A.; et al. (2011). "Direct Confirmation of the Asymmetry of the Cas A SN Explosion with Light Echoes". The Astrophysical Journal. 732: 3. arXiv:1003.5660. Bibcode:2011ApJ...732....3R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/1/3.
  10. ^ Sugerman, B.; Crotts, A. (2002). "Multiple Light Echoes from Supernova 1993J". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 581 (2): L97. arXiv:astro-ph/0207497. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..97S. doi:10.1086/346016.
  11. ^ Crotts, A. (2015). "Light Echoes From Supernova 2014J in M82". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 804 (2): L37. arXiv:1409.8671. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..37C. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L37.
  12. ^ "An echo of light". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Light echoes whisper the distance to a star" (Press release). European Southern Observatory. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  14. ^ a b Couderc, P. (1939). "Les Auréoles Lumineuses des Novae". Annales d'Astrophysique. 2: 271–302. Bibcode:1939AnAp....2..271C.
  15. ^ a b Gulak, Y. K. (1961). "Remarks on the Explanation of the Propagation of a Light Wave around Nova Persei 1901". Soviet Astronomy. 4: 653. Bibcode:1961SvA.....4..653G.
  16. ^ Lintott, C. J.; et al. (2009). "Galaxy Zoo: 'Hanny's Voorwerp', a quasar light echo?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): 129–140. arXiv:0906.5304. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399..129L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15299.x.
  17. ^ Keel, W. C.; et al. (2015). "HST Imaging of Fading AGN Candidates. I. Host-galaxy Properties and Origin of the Extended Gas". The Astronomical Journal. 149 (5): 23. arXiv:1408.5159. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..155K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/155.
  18. ^ Schirmer, M.; Diaz, R.; Holhjem, K.; Levenson, N. A.; C. Winge, C. (2013). "A Sample of Seyfert-2 Galaxies with Ultraluminous Galaxy-wide Narrow-line Regions: Quasar Light Echoes?". The Astrophysical Journal. 763 (1): 19. arXiv:1211.7098. Bibcode:2013ApJ...763...60S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/60.
  19. ^ Davies, R. L.; Schirmer, M.; Turner, J. E. H. (2015). "The "Green Bean" Galaxy SDSS J224024.1--092748: Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (2): 1731–1752. arXiv:1502.07754. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1731D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv343.
  20. ^ Schirmer, M.; et al. (2016). "About AGN ionization echoes, thermal echoes, and ionization deficits in low redshift Lyman-alpha blobs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 463 (2): 1554–1586. arXiv:1607.06481. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.463.1554S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1819.
  21. ^ Schweizer, F.; Seitzer, P.; Kelson, D.; Villanueva, E.; Walth, G. (2013). "The [O III] Nebula of the Merger Remnant NGC 7252: A Likely Faint Ionization Echo". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (2): 19. arXiv:1307.2233. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773..148S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/148.
  22. ^ Rincon, P. (5 August 2008). "Teacher finds new cosmic object". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  23. ^ a b c "'Cosmic ghost' discovered by volunteer astronomer". Phys.org. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
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