Taiwanese Hangul

Taiwanese Hangul
Taiwanese Hangul;
	Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul
Script type	Featural alphabet
Creator	Xu Caode (first propose)
Time period	since 1987
Languages	Taiwanese Hokkien
Related scripts
Parent systems	Hangul Taiwanese Hangul;
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Xu Caode in 1987, it uses a modified Hangul alphabets to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.^[1]^[2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

Letters

Initials

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			[[Bilabial nasal\|ᄆ [m]]] ㄇ毛 (mo͘ )		[[Alveolar nasal\|ᄂ [n]]] ㄋ耐 (nāi)				[[Velar nasal\| ㄸ [ŋ]]] ㄫ雅 (ngá)
Stop	Unaspirated	[[Voiceless bilabial stop\|ᄇ [p]]] ㄅ邊 (pian)	[[Voiced bilabial stop\|ᄈ [b]]] ㆠ 文 (bûn)	[[Voiceless alveolar stop\|ᄃ [t]]] ㄉ地 (tē)				[[Voiceless velar stop\|ᄀ [k]]] ㄍ求 (kiû)	[[Voiced velar stop\|ᄁ [ɡ]]] ㆣ 語 (gí)
Stop	Aspirated	[[Voiceless bilabial stop\|ᄑ [pʰ]]] ㄆ波 (pho)		[[Voiceless alveolar stop\|ᄐ [tʰ]]] ㄊ他 (thaⁿ)				[[Voiceless velar stop\|ᄏ [kʰ]]] ㄎ去 (khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			[[Voiceless alveolar affricate\|ᄌ [ts]]] ㄗ曾 (chan)	[[Voiced alveolar affricate\|ᄍ [dz]]] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)	[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate\|ᄌ [tɕ]]] ㄐ尖 (chiam)	[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate\|ᄍ [dʑ]]] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
Affricate	Aspirated			[[Voiceless alveolar affricate\|ᄎ [tsʰ]]] ㄘ出 (chhut)		[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate\|ᄎ [tɕʰ]]] ㄑ手 (chhiú)
Fricative				[[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant\|ㅅ [s]]] ㄙ衫 (saⁿ)		[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant\|ㅅ [ɕ]]] ㄒ寫 (siá)				[[Voiceless glottal fricative\|ᄒ [h]]] ㄏ喜 (hí)
Lateral					[[Alveolar lateral approximant\|ᄅ [l]]] ㄌ柳 (liú)

Vowels

Monophthongs
	Front		Central	Back
	Simple	Nasal	Simple	Simple	Nasal
Close	[[Close front unrounded vowel\|ᅵ [i]]] ㄧ衣 (i)	[[Close front unrounded vowel\|잇 [ĩ]]] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)		[[Close back rounded vowel\|ᅮ [u]]] ㄨ污 (u)	[[Close back rounded vowel\|웃 [ũ]]] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
Mid	[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel\|ᅦ [e]]] ㆤ 禮 (lé)	[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel\|엣 [ẽ]]] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)	[[Mid central vowel\|ᅥ [ə]]] ㄜ高 (ko)	[[Open-mid back rounded vowel\|ᅩ [ɔ]]] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )	[[Open-mid back rounded vowel\|옷 [ɔ̃]]] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
Open	[[Open front unrounded vowel\|ᅡ [a]]] ㄚ查 (cha)	[[Open front unrounded vowel\|앗 [ã]]] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs
Diphthongs	ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai)	알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au)	ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia)	ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io)
Diphthongs	ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu)	ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa)	ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe)	ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui)
Triphthongs	얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau)		ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai)

Coda endings

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal consonant	[[Bilabial nasal\|ᄆ [m]]] ㆬ (-m)	[[Alveolar nasal\|ᄂ [n]]] ㄣ (-n)	[[Velar nasal\|ᄄ [ŋ]]] ㆭ (-ng)
Stop consonant	ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p)	ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t)	ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k)	[[Glottal stop\|ᄒ [ʔ]]] ㆷ (-h)

Syllabic consonant
	Bilabial	Velar
Nasal	음 [m̩] ㆬ 姆 (ḿ)	응 [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸 (sng)

Tone markings

No.	Hangul	Chinese tone name	Example listen^ⓘ
1	ᄋ	陰平 (yinping) dark level	kha 跤 foot; leg
2	ᄅ	上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ) rising	chúi 水 water
3	ᄂ	陰去 (yinqu) dark departing	kàu arrive
4	ᄋ	陰入 (yinru) dark entering	bah meat
5	ᄉ	陽平 (yangping) light level	ông 王 king
7	ᄀ	陽去 (yangqu) light departing	tiōng 重 heavy
8	ᄇ	陽入 (yangru) light entering	joa̍h 熱 hot

Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

	Taiwanese Hokkien	Korean
ㅃ/ㄲ/ㅉ	/b/, /g/, /ʣ/, /ʥ/	/p͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/
ᄌ/ᄎ/ᄍ
ㄸ	/ŋ/	/t͈/
ㅎ	/ʔ/	/t̚/
ㅅ		/t̚/
ㅆ		/s͈/, /t̚/
ᅥ	/o/ or /ə/	/ʌ/
ᅩ	/ɔ/	/o/
ㅐ	/ai/	/ɛ/
알	/au/	/al/
ㅡ		/ɯ/
ㅢ	읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/	/ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/

Examples

Matthew 6:1

Taiwanese Hangul		Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Chinese characters	關係行善的教訓恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行；恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
Chinese-Hangul mixed writing	關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； 린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。	Chinese-Latin mixed writing	關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。
Hangul	관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； 린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。	Romanization	Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.

References

^ Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
^ 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

External links

Taiwanese Hangul

[1] Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society

[台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編-2] 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

[1]

[2]