Ward Hunt Ice Shelf
The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf in the Arctic, located on the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. During the 20th century the Ellesmere Ice Shelf broke up into six separate shelves, the largest being Ward Hunt. Ward Hunt Ice Shelf is currently about 155 square miles (400 km2) in size, and has been in place for approximately 4,000 years[1] as part of a continuous ice shelf that encompassed the northern coast of Ellesmere Island until the beginning of the twentieth century.[2] In 2005 one of the other shelves, the 25-square-mile (65 km2) Ayles Ice Shelf, calved completely.[2]
The Ellesmere ice shelf was documented by the British Arctic Expedition of 1875-76, in which Lieutenant Pelham Aldrich's party went from Cape Sheridan (82.47°N, 61.50°W) west to Cape Alert (82.27°N, 85.55°W), including the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf.[3] Reports from Robert Peary's expedition in 1906 described a “broad glacial fringe” covering much of the coast of northwestern Ellesmere Island.[4]
The Ward Hunt ice sheet began breaking up approximately 100 years ago, but was believed to have stabilized by the early 1980s. However, in April 2000, satellite images revealed that a large crack in the ice had begun to form, and in 2003, it was announced that the ice sheet had split completely in two in 2002, releasing a huge pool of fresh water from the largest epishelf lake in the Northern Hemisphere, located in Disraeli Fjord.[5] In April 2008, it was discovered that the shelf was fractured into dozens of deep, multi-faceted cracks.[6] In late July 2008, it was announced that nearly 8 square miles (21 km2) broke away from the shelf.[2] In August 2010, another 50 km² (19 sq mi) calved off from the northeast quarter of the ice shelf.[7]
The icebergs released by the breakup now pose a potential danger to shipping and offshore development in the region. Loss of microbial ecosystems caused by the release of the freshwater may also have far-ranging ecological impacts.[8]
The breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf is tied to steady and dramatic increases in the average temperature of the region over the past decades, correlated with global warming.[9][10]
References
- ^ Antoniades, D.; Francus, P.; Pienitz, R.; St-Onge, G.; Vincent, W. F. (2011-11-22). "Holocene dynamics of the Arctic's largest ice shelf". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (47): 18899–18904. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106378108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3223438. PMID 22025693.
- ^ a b c David Ljunggren (29 July 2008). "Giant chunks break off Canadian ice shelf". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ Jeffries, Martin O. Ice Island Calvings and Ice Shelf Changes, Milne Ice Shelf and Ayles Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.. Arctic 39 (1) (March 1986)
- ^ Peary, Robert E. (1907). Nearest the Pole; a narrative of the Polar expedition of the Peary Arctic club in the S.S. Roosevelt, 1905-1906, by R.E. Peary, U.S.N. With ninety-five photographs by the author, two maps and a frontispiece in colour by Albert Operti. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6868.
- ^ Michon Scott (20 January 2004). "Breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf". Earth Observatory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Bob Weber, The Canadian Press (12 April 2008). "Cracks in Arctic ice shelf signal its demise". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ NASA Visible Earth (18 Aug 2010). "Break-up on the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf". Retrieved 9 Feb 2015.
- ^ The Associated Press (2011-09-30). "Canadian Arctic Nearly Loses Entire Ice Shelf". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ "Arctic ice shelf splits". BBC News. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ "Global Warming Puts the Arctic on Thin Ice". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 30 December 2011.