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Laud Humphreys

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Robert Allan "Laud" Humphreys (October 16, 1930 – August 23, 1988) was an American sociologist and author. He is noted for his research into sexual encounters between men in public bathrooms, published as Tearoom Trade (1970) and for the questions that emerged from what many believe to be unethical research methods.[1] He influenced generations of scholars who research issues related to sexuality and sexual identity.[2]

Biography

Robert Allan Humphreys was born in Chickasha, Oklahoma, to Ira Denver Humphreys and Stella Bernice Humphreys.[3] "Laud" was chosen as his first name when he was baptized again upon entering the Episcopal Church. He graduated from the Seabury-Western Episcopal Theological Seminary in 1955, and served as an Episcopal priest.[4] He was professor of sociology at Pitzer College in Claremont, California from 1972–1988 and died of lung cancer in 1988.[5]

Humphreys married Nancy Wallace, a woman from a prominent Tulsa family in 1960[3]. The couple had two children, Claire and David.[3][6]: dedication  In 1974, Humphreys came out as a gay man[5] during a discussion at a conference session at the American Sociological Association.[3] Humphreys was a co-founder of the Sociologists' Gay Caucus, (now the Committee on the Status of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People in Sociology)[7], established in 1974 as a response to a presentation by Edward Sagarin that criticized homosexual sociologists as hiding in the closet.[8][3]

Humphreys separated from his wife in 1980 and began living with Brian Miller, a graduate student at the University of Alberta.[3] That same year, he was certified to practice as a psychotherapist in California. For most of the rest of his life, he was in private practice, although he and Miller co-authored articles about gay subcultures and victims of violent homophobia.[3]

His biography, written by John F. Galliher, Wayne H. Brekhus, and David P. Keys, was published in 2004, under the title Laud Humphreys: Prophet of Homosexuality and Sociology.[9] The authors establish the case that Humphreys was an extremely complex person and that he was professionally marginalized in the discipline of sociology.[9] The book also heralds his contributions to the discipline of sociology, as well as his advocacy for African American civil rights, gay rights, and against war.[9]

The University of Southern California houses the Laud Humphreys Papers Collection, as part of the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives.[10]

Education

Humphreys graduated from Chickasha High School (Chickasha, Oklahoma) in 1948.[3] He then attended Colorado College, graduating with his BA in 1952. He attended Seabury-Western Theological Seminary (Evanston, Illinois), graduating with the M. Div. degree in 1955. In 1965, he entered graduate school at Washington University (St. Louis, Missouri) to pursue the PhD in sociology.[9] His dissertation adviser was Lee Rainwater. Humphreys obtained two Pre-Doctoral Research Fellowships from the National Institute of Mental Health to fund his dissertation research. He completed his dissertation in 1968, graduated with his PhD 1968. He published the dissertation as Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places in 1970. His book won the C. Wright Mills Award from the Society for the Study of Social Problems in 1969.[11][9] Due to the controversy around his research methods and the topic of his research, there was a failed attempt by the chancellor at Washington University to rescind his PhD.[3][9]

Academic career

After graduating with his PhD from Washington University, Humphreys was an assistant professor of sociology at Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville, IL from 1968-1970. He was associate professor of sociology at the School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York in Albany 1970-72. He was associate professor of sociology at Pitzer College, in Claremont, CA, from 1972-75; he earned full professorship at Pitzer in 1975, where he worked until about 1980, when he began to focus on his psychotherapist practice.[9]

Humphreys belonged to several sociological professional organizations, including the American Sociological Association, the Society for the Study of Social Problems, the Pacific Sociological Association, and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. He was a charter member of the International Academy of Sex Research.[9] During his academic career, he served on a number of editorial boards and served as chair of multiple professional society committees. He was an invited speaker at more than a dozen symposia and other events, and was a guest on four TV shows.[9] Humphreys served on a dozen panel discussions at sociology conferences; of special note is his 1974 service as a discussant at a session at the American Sociological Association, where he came out publicly as a gay man.

Tearoom Trade

Main article: Tearoom Trade

Humphreys is best known for his published Ph.D. dissertation, Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places (1970), an ethnographic study of anonymous male-male sexual encounters in public toilets (a practice known as "tea-rooming" in U.S. gay slang and "cottaging" in British English). Humphreys asserted that the men participating in such activity came from diverse social backgrounds, had differing personal motives for seeking sexual partners in such venues, and variously self-perceived as "straight," "bisexual," or "gay."

Because Humphreys was able to confirm that over 50% of his subjects identified as heterosexual men who were married to women,[1] a primary thesis of Tearoom Trade is the incongruence between the private self and the social self for many of the men engaging in this form of homosexual activity. Specifically, they put on a "breastplate of righteousness" (social and political conservatism) in an effort to conceal their sexual behavior and prevent being exposed as deviants. Humphreys tapped into a theme of incongruence between one's words and deeds that has become a primary methodological and theoretical concern in sociology throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.[12]

Humphreys' study has been criticized by sociologists and other social and behavioral scientists on ethical grounds[1] in that he observed sexual acts by masquerading as a voyeur, "did not get his subjects’ consent, tracked down names and addresses through license plate numbers, and interviewed the men in their homes in disguise and under false pretenses."[13]

According to Jack Nusan Porter, a sociologist who knew Humphreys and studied under Howard S. Becker at Northwestern University from 1967-1971, "Humphreys was enormously influential on graduate students and younger scholars in the field of deviance, ethnography, and what we called 'participant observation'. True, today one could not do such research because there was no 'informed consent' but then again, in many cases, when doing research on deviant behavior, one will never get 'informed consent' so we miss out on a lot of important findings. He was a true pioneer and a hero to all of us in these fields."

Humphreys' research materials, including detailed diagrams and maps of tearoom activity he observed, are housed in the collections at ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives.

By 2004, Tearoom Trade had sold more than 300,000 copies.[14] Steven P. Schacht notes that this fact "makes it one of the best selling books ever written by a sociologist.": 5  The book was also published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. in British English, and in German by Ferinand Emke Vertag. Both of these versions were published in 1974.[9]

Humphreys' influence

Humphreys influenced generations of sociologists and other social and behavioral scientists in complex ways. He is often studied in research methods classes for the ethical questions that his works raised.[14] However, Earl Babbie, who writes about sociological research methods, notes that the controversy about "sociological snoopers"[15] and research ethics was likely the result of societal homophobia and disgust with the research topic, and not due to real problems with research methods.[16]

Schacht credits Humphreys with pioneering research on impersonal sex, now a common topic of research and advocacy in the context of HIV/AIDS.[14] Tewksbury writes about the multiple studies that were inspired by Humphrey's work, calling his work a rich legacy for future sex researchers.[17] According to Brekhus, Humphrey's contribution to sociological theory, in particular to the development of the concept of identity politics, is often overlooked, but should be hailed as an important forerunner to modern queer theory.[18] Nardi also lauds Humphreys' theoretical work, especially his concept of the breastplate of righteousness. Humphreys developed this idea to explain the apparent contradiction of presumably straight, married men holding a public conservative stance against homosexuality, yet engaging in impersonal sex with men in public settings.[19]

In 2003[citation needed], the presidential session at the Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) was devoted to honoring Humphrey's pioneering work on sexuality.[14] In 2004, a special issue of The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy was published that was edited by Steven P. Schacht, who participated in the SSSP session. The special issue contained ten articles analyzing his research and his multiple contributions as a social activist and scholar.[14] The authors of these articles call for sociologists and others to move beyond criticism of Humphrey's research methodologies in the tearoom study, and instead to focus on his pioneering contributions to the study of sexuality, participant-observation as method, development of sociological theory, and his work as a social activist and advocate for marginalized sexual identities.

Schacht states that an estimated 300,000 copies of Tearoom had been sold by 2004, which makes it one of the best selling books ever written by a sociologist.

Works published

Books

  • Humphreys, Laud (1970), "Tearoom trade : impersonal sex in public places", Beitrage zur Sexualforschung, 54, Duckworth: 1–138, ISBN 978-0-7156-0551-6, OCLC 12118038, PMID 4466485
  • Humphreys, Laud (1972), Out of the closets; the sociology of homosexual liberation, A Spectrum book, S-288, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-645317-8, OCLC 357093

Journal articles and book chapters

  • Humphreys, Laud. (1970). "Impersonal sex in public places." Transaction, January, 1970: 10-25.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1971). "New styles in homosexual manliness." Transaction, March/April 1971: 38-46, 64-65.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1974). "Homosexual exchanges in public places." Pp. 129-142 in L. Rainwater (ed.), Social problems and public policy: Deviance and liberty. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1975). "Predicting the unpredictable: Some crime prospects for the decade." The Participant, Winter.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1978). "An interview with Evelyn Hooker." Alternative lifestyles: Changing patterns in marriage, family, & intimacy, Vol. 1, No. 2.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1979). "Being odd against all odds." Pp. 238-242 in R. Fedarico (ed.), Sociology (2nd edition). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1979). "Exodus and identity: The emerging gay culture." Pp. 134-147 in M. Levine (ed.), Gay men: The sociology of male homosexuality. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Humphreys, Laud. (1980). "Homosexuality in perspective." Society 17(6): 84-86.
  • Humphreys, Laud; Miller, Brian. (1980). "Keeping in touch: Maintaining contact with stigmatized subjects." Pp. 212-223 in W. Shaffir, R. Stebbins, and A. Turowetz (eds.), Field Work Experience: Qualitative Approaches to Social Research. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Miller, Brian; Humphreys, Laud. (1980). "Lifestyles and violence: Homosexual victims of assault and murder." Qualitative Sociology 3(3): 169-185.
  • Goodwin, Glenn A; Humphreys, Laud. (1982). "Freeze-Dried Stigma: Cybernetics and Social Control." Humanity & Society 6(4): 391-408.

References

  1. ^ a b c Lehmiller, Justin J. (2014). The psychology of human sexuality. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781118351321. OCLC 856076308.
  2. ^ Tewksbuy, Richard. (2004). "The intellectual legacy of Laud Humphreys: His impact on research and thinking about men's public sexual encounters." The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 24(3-5): 32-57.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Murray, Stephen O. (2015). "Humphreys, Laud (1930-1988)." gflbtq Encyclopedia. http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/humphreys_l_S.pdf Accessed June 20, 2018.
  4. ^ Allen, Charlotte (1997). "When Sociologists Deceive Their Subjects". LinguaFranca. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
  5. ^ a b Ekins, Richard; King, Dave (1996), Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross-Dressing and Sex-Changing, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-11551-5
  6. ^ Humphreys, Laud. (1970 (2009)). Tearoom trade: Impersonal sex in public places. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 9780202302829
  7. ^ "Committee on the Status of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) People in Sociology". American Sociological Association. 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  8. ^ Horowitz, Irving (2003), Tributes: Personal Reflections on a Century of Social Research, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0218-X
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Galliher, John F; Brekhus, Wayne; Keys, David Patrick (2004), Laud Humphreys : prophet of homosexuality and sociology, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-20314-6, OCLC 424029818
  10. ^ "Laud Humphreys Papers Collection". Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  11. ^ "Society for the Study of Social Problems Past Winners". Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  12. ^ Deutscher, Irwin (1966), "Words and Deeds: Social Science and Social Policy.", Social Problems, 13: 233–254, doi:10.1525/sp.1966.13.3.03a00010, OCLC 29874612
  13. ^ Mac Donald, Laura (2007-09-02). "America's Toe-Tapping Menace". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  14. ^ a b c d e Schacht, Steven P. (2004). "Moving beyond the controversy: Remembering the many contributions of Laud Humphreys to sociology and the study of sexuality". The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 24 (3–5): 3–11. doi:10.1108/01443330410790830.
  15. ^ von Hoffman, Nicholas; Irving Louis Horowitz; and Lee Rainwater. (1973). "Sociological snoopers and journalistic moralizers: An exchange." Values of Social Science 1/1/1973: 145-164.
  16. ^ Babbie, Earl. (2004). "Laud Humphreys and research ethics." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 24(3-5): 12-19.
  17. ^ Tewksbury, Richard. (2004). "The intellectual legacy of Laud Humphreys: His impact on research and thinking about men's public sexual encounters." The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 24(3-5): 32-57.
  18. ^ Brekhus, Wayne N. (2004). "Commuting to homosexuality: Laud Humphreys' unheralded theoretical contribution to the sociology of identity." The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 24(3-5): 58-72.
  19. ^ Nardi, Peter M. (1995). "The breastplate of righteousness: Twenty-five years after Laud Humphrey's Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places." Journal of Homosexuality 30(1-10).

Sources

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