Jump to content

Blue Quran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Wingman4l7 (talk | contribs) at 08:31, 18 April 2020 (→History: -- fixed period). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Leaf from the Blue Qur'an showing Sura 30: 28–32, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Blue Qur'an (Arabic: المصحف الأزرق al-Muṣḥaf al-′Azraq) is a late 9th to early 10th-century Qur'an manuscript in Kufic calligraphy, probably created in Spain.[1] It is among the most famous works of Islamic calligraphy,[1] and has been called "one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts ever created."[2] Art historian Yasser Tabbaa wrote that the "evanescent effect" of the gold lettering on indigo "appears to affirm the Mu'tazili belief in the created and mysterious nature of the Word of God."[3]

History

Recent scholarship by Arianna D'Ottone Rambach dates the manuscript to mid-9th century Spain.[4] The codex has also been dated as late as 1020 CE and placed in Córdoba as well as Kairouan.[5] According to some researchers, the Blue Qur'an is also one of the only extant Fatimid Qur'ans.[3] However, at the moment, the comparison with the Latin Bible of Danila, preserved at Cava de' Tirreni (Italy) but produced in Spain, offers a number of material connections (the deep blue parchment, the ruling, and the use of gold ink) rather suggesting a Spanish origin. Even older Qur'anic manuscripts are the Sana'a manuscript,[6] Samarkand Kufic Quran,[7] and Topkapi manuscript.[8] It is written in gold and decorated in silver (that has since oxidized) on vellum colored with indigo, a unique aspect of a Quranic manuscript, probably emulating the purple parchment used for Byzantine Imperial manuscripts.[1][9] Red ink is also used.[10]

A Maghribi script Qur'an manuscript written in gold on blue paper has been dated to the 13th or 14th century, inviting comparison to the Blue Qur'an. The Maghribi manuscript's parchment is a lighter tone than the Blue Qur'an and is more heavily decorated, having a foliage motif throughout.[11]

Folio from the "Blue" Qur'an, 9th-10th century. Ink, opaque watercolor, silver (now oxidized) and gold on blue-dyed parchment, 11 3/16 x 15 in. (28.4 x 38.1 cm). Brooklyn Museum, 1995.51a-b

The manuscript's approximately 600 pages[11] were dispersed during the Ottoman period; today most of it is located in the National Institute of Art and Archaeology Bardo National Museum in Tunis, with detached folios in museums worldwide.[10][12] These institutions include the Musée de la Civilisation et des Arts Islamiques in Raqqada, which has 67 folios.[11] The folios are differently sized: the folio held by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art is 28.25 cm by 37.46 cm,[10] but there are pages as large as 31 cm by 41 cm.[11] Most of the folios remained in Qairawan until the 1950s, when they were further dispersed.[13] In 2012 and 2013, folios from the Blue Qur'an were sold in major Islamic art auctions, carrying a price of hundreds of thousands of dollars apiece. Christie's of London sold folios in 2012.[14] Sotheby's auctioned off one folio in 2010 for a reported £529,250, a record-breaking sum and over double the low estimate for the lot.[15]

Form

Each sura's verses are demarcated in groups of 20 with silver rosettes[12] and the text itself is inked in gold; the precious metallic text and rich indigo might have been a way for the Fatimid dynasty, which controlled North Africa at the time, to display its wealth, power, and religion in the face of the Byzantine Empire, which controlled Anatolia,[1] and used gold or silver ink on purple parchment for its most lavish manuscripts. The gold ink was created by grinding gold and suspending it in a solution.[2] The surrounding decoration of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba is similar to and might have been the model for the Blue Qur'an's design.[1][12] Contemporaneous manuscripts were often written on dyed parchment, particularly saffron-colored parchment, a holdover from the pre-Islamic time. Though the method by which the Blue Qur'an was dyed remains unknown, Ibn Badis related the two contemporaneous methods of dying: dip-dying after the parchment was smoothed, or adding dye during the parchment production process.[16] Given the brilliance of the color, it is likely that the parchment was dip-dyed before it was cured, impregnating it with the pigment.[17]

The Kufic script has sharp angles and is written in groups of 15 lines per page with no vowel markings, common characteristics in 9th- and 10th-century Islamic manuscripts.[3][12] The comparatively large number of lines on each page deviates from the norm of other contemporaneous Qur'ans, such as the Amajur Qur'an, that dictated three lines per horizontal page.[18] A column of letters is perceptible on the right side of each folio, created by the insertion of spaces called caesurae that put single letters at the beginnings of lines.[12] Words with unconnected letters are occasionally split between lines in the manuscript, another common feature of Qur'ans from this period.[19] The spacing of the letters has been described as "almost musical" and as "visual rhythm" by Robert Hillenbrand.[5] Another unusual feature of this manuscript is visible mastara lines on some pages, used by the calligrapher to place the text.[20]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Qur'an.
  1. ^ a b c d e "Folio from the Blue Qur'an </red A.D'Ottone Rambach, The Blue Koran. A Contribution to the debate on its Origin and Date, "Journal of Islamic Manuscripts" 8 (2017)) (2004.88)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. September 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Folio From the Blue Qur'an". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy". Ars Orientalis. 21. Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan: 119–148. JSTOR 4629416.
  4. ^ D'Ottone Rambach, Arianna (2017). "The Blue Koran. A Contribution to the Debate on its Possible Origin and Date". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts.
  5. ^ a b Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). Islamic Art and Architecture. Thames & Hudson Ltd. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-500-20305-7.
  6. ^ Dreibholz, Ursula (1999). "Preserving a Treasure: The Sana'a Manuscripts" (PDF). Museum International. 51 (3). UNESCO.
  7. ^ "Tashkent's hidden Islamic relic". BBC News. 5 January 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  8. ^ "Al-Mushaf Al-Sharif Attributed to 'Uthman bin 'Affan". IRCICA. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  9. ^ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). Calligraphy. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b c "Folio from the Blue Quran". Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d George, Alain (1 January 2009). "Calligraphy, Colour and Light in the Blue Qur'an". Journal of Qur'anic Studies.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Bifolium from the Blue Qur'an". Aga Khan Museum. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  13. ^ Soucek, Priscilla P. (Spring–Summer 1999). "The Abbasid Tradition: Qur'ans of the 8th to the 10th Centuries A.D., The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, vol. 1 by François Déroche (book review)". Studies in the Decorative Arts. 6 (2). University of Chicago Press: 131. JSTOR 40662688.
  14. ^ "Une page du Coran à la vente aux enchères Christie's de Londres". agence Internationale de Presse Coranique. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  15. ^ "Sotheby's Islamic Art Sales Series Achieves Record Sum of £25.3 ($40.3) Million". artdaily.org. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  16. ^ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). Paper. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Fantar, Muhammad (1982). De Carthage à Kairouan: 2000 ans d'art et d'histoire en Tunisie. AFAA. p. 241.
  18. ^ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (1997). Islamic Arts. Phaidon Press Limited. p. 73. ISBN 0-7148-3176-X.
  19. ^ Blair, Sheila (2004). "Ivories and Inscriptions from Islamic Spain". Oriente Moderno. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. JSTOR 25817938.
  20. ^ "Calligraphic Tradition in Islam: Bifolium of the 'Blue Qur'an'". The Institute of Ismaili Studies. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Quran&oldid=951672272"