Wanggumara
The Wangkumarra are an indigenous people of the state of Queensland.
Language
Old Wankumara, spoken along the Bulloo River with the Kalali people, was a 'Karna–Mari fringe' language which died out with the passing of its last speakers in the late 20th century. 'Modern' Wankumara, spoken along the Wilson River, is a Karnic language, which according to Breen (1967) was identical to the speech of other peoples speaking the Wilson River language. The disambiguator 'modern' simply refers to the fact that the Wanggumara people continued speaking that language more recently than the other.[1]
Country
According to Norman Tindale, the Wongkumara lands covered some 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2), stretching over Cooper Creek east of Nappa Merrie and Orientos to the area around the ephemeral Wilson River at Nockatunga.[2]
Writing in 1886, F. W. Myles described their neighbouring tribes as follows:
The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkomarra are, to the south, the Poidgerry (on the Currowinya Downs station) and the Bitharra (on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on the Nockatoongo station) and Eromarra (on the Conbar station); to the north, the Bunthomarra (on the Mount Margaret station) and the Murgoin (on the Ardock station); and on the east by the same tribe (on the Dynevor station).[3]
History of contact
The first settlers arrived in 1863, and within two decades their population had been reduced substantially to just 90 people.[3] Those surviving moved to Chastleton and NCarcowlah where they mingled with the Kalali.[2]
Social organization
The Wongkumara were divided into hordes, concerning which 2 names possibly referring to their clans survive.
- Balpamadramadra. (Perhaps a clan at Nappa Merrie)
- Jaramarala. ( Perhaps a clan at Baryulah).[2]
Alternative names
- Wangkumara, Wonkamara, Wonkomarra,[3] Wonkamarra, Wonkamura, Wonkamurra
- Wonkubara, Wanggumara
- Papagunu. (derogatory Yandruwandha exonym name, signifying "dog shit".
- Balpamadramadra
- Jaramarala[2]
Some words
- mari. (dog, whether wild or tame)
- wanyu. (father)
- unu. (mother)
- doona. (whiteman, meaning properly "ghost").[4]
Notes
Citations
- ^ L25 Wangkumara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b c d Tindale 1974, p. 190.
- ^ a b c Myles 1886, p. 36.
- ^ Myles 1886, p. 40.
Sources
- Mathews, R. H. (1899). "Divisions of some Aboriginal Tribes, Queensland". Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 33: 108–111.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mathews, R. H. (January 1900). "Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (161): 78–91+93. JSTOR 983545.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mathews, R. H. (1905). "Ethnological notes on the aboriginal tribes of Queensland" (PDF). Queensland Geographical Journal. 29: 49–75.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Myles, F. W. (1886). "Thargominda, Bulloo River" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. Volume 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 36–41.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wongkumara (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)