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Tullia gens

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The gens Tullia was a family at ancient Rome, with both patrician and plebeian branches. The first of this gens to obtain the consulship was Manius Tullius Longus in 500 BC, but the most illustrious of the family was Marcus Tullius Cicero, the statesman, orator, and scholar of the first century BC. The earliest of the Tullii who appear in history were patrician, but all of the Tullii mentioned in later times were plebeian, and some of them were descended from freedmen.[1] The English form Tully, often found in older works, especially in reference to Cicero, is now considered antiquated.

Origin

The nomen Tullius is a patronymic surname, derived from the old Latin praenomen Tullus, probably from a root meaning to support, bear, or help.[2] The Tullii of the Republic sometimes claimed descent from Servius Tullius, the sixth King of Rome, who according to some traditions was the son of Servius Tullius, a prince of Corniculum who was slain in battle against the Romans under Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth Roman king.[3] However, the Roman historians report that the Tullii were one of the Alban noble families that came to Rome after the destruction of their city during the reign of Tullus Hostilius, the third King of Rome.[4] This would probably make the Tullii one of the gentes minores, the lesser patrician houses of the Republic.[1][5]

Praenomina

The main praenomina used by the Tullii were Marcus and Lucius. To these, the Tullii Cicerones added Quintus. Manius is found only among the patrician Tullii at the beginning of the Republic, and there are individual instances of Sextus and Tiberius.

Branches and cognomina

The patrician Tullii bore the cognomen Longus, tall, but only one of them appears in history.[6] The notable plebeian families bore the surnames Decula and Cicero. The latter, among the most famous of Roman cognomina, belongs to a common class of surnames derived from familiar objects.[7] This family came from Arpinum, the inhabitants of which were granted Roman citizenship in 188 BC. Plutarch reports that the surname was given to an ancestor of the orator, who had a cleft in the tip of his nose in the shape of a chickpea, or cicer. At the beginning of his career, Cicero was urged to adopt a more auspicious surname, but he declined, stating that he would make the name famous.[8] Most other surnames found with the Tullii of the Republic belonged to freedmen, but a number of the family bore no cognomen.[1][9]

Members

This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Early Tullii

Tullii Cicerones

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero, grandfather of the orator, was one of the leading men of Arpinum. In 115 BC, the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus complimented him on his industry and foresight when he and his brother-in-law, Marcus Gratidius, petitioned on behalf of their city for the right to vote by ballot.[31]
  • Marcus Tullius M. f. Cicero, father of the orator Cicero, was a learned man of literary interests, and moved to Rome in order to provide the best of education for his sons. He kept company with the leading orators and jurists of his day, and died in 64 BC, the year his son was elected consul.[32]
  • Lucius Tullius M. f. Cicero, uncle of the orator, was a close friend of Marcus Antonius, the orator, with whom he traveled to Cilicia during the latter's government there. He provided his nephew with regular correspondence for a number of years.[33]
  • Marcus Tullius M. f. M. n. Cicero, the orator, was consul in 63 BC, when he suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline, although he was later exiled for having put the conspirators to death without a trial. After his recall, he generally opposed the first triumvirate, and Caesar in particular, although Caesar deeply admired him, and gladly pardoned him for siding with his enemies. He played no part in Caesar's assassination, but was widely viewed as sympathetic to the murderers, and placed himself in opposition to the second triumvirate, by which he was proscribed and put to death. Cicero was the most eminent of the Roman orators, and one of the leading scholars of Roman history and institutions. His vast body of surviving speeches, treatises, and correspondence forms one of the most important sources of Roman history.[34]
  • Quintus Tullius M. f. M. n. Cicero, the younger brother of Cicero, was praetor in 62 BC, and subsequently governor of Asia. He was one of Caesar's generals during the Gallic Wars, but later supported Pompeius during the Civil War. After Caesar's murder, he was proscribed and put to death by the triumvirs.
  • Lucius Tullius L. f. M. n. Cicero, the cousin and close friend of the orator, whom he accompanied to Athens in 79 BC, and assisted during the trial of Verres. The people of Syracuse honoured him for his efforts on their behalf. Marcus was deeply aggrieved when Lucius died in 68, while still a young man.[35]
  • Tullia M. f. M. n., or Tulliola, the beloved daughter of Cicero, married first Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who died in 57 BC, then briefly to Furius Crassipes, whom she divorced, then in 50 to Publius Cornelius Dolabella, by whom she had two sons; one who died in infancy, and another, Lentulus, who probably died in childhood. Tullia and Dolabella were divorced before the birth of their second son, and she died shortly afterward, to her father's great sorrow.[36][37]
  • Quintus Tullius Q. f. M. n. Cicero, son of Quintus Cicero, attempted to hide his father from the triumvirs, and was tortured, then put to death along with his father, who gave himself up in the hope of saving his son.
  • Marcus Tullius M. f. M. n. Cicero, son of the orator, joined the liberatores, Brutus and Cassius after the murder of his father and uncle in the proscription of the triumvirs. He obtained the pardon of Octavian after the Battle of Philippi, and later took his side against Marcus Antonius. He was consul in 30 BC.

Others

  • Publius Tullius Albinovanus, a partisan of Marius, whom Sulla outlawed in 88 BC. Later a legate of Gaius Norbanus, Albinovanus obtained Sulla's pardon by inviting Norbanus' chief officers to a banquet, where he treacherously murdered them, then betrayed Ariminium to Sulla's forces.[38][39]
  • Marcus Tullius Decula, consul in 81 BC, during the dictatorship of Sulla.[40][41][42]
  • Marcus Tullius, claimed that his neighbor, Publius Fabius, with whom he was engaged in a property dispute, had murdered several of his slaves. Cicero spoke on his behalf in a partially-preserved speech. He does not seem to be identified with any of the other Marci Tullii known from this period of history.[43]
  • Lucius Tullius, an eques, was leader of those who collected the taxes from the scriptura, the cattle grazed upon public land, in Sicily in the time of Verres.[44]
  • Lucius Tullius, a friend of Titus Pomponius Atticus, served as a legate under Cicero during his government of Cilicia. Cicero did not consider his performance adequate.[45]
  • Marcus Tullius M. l. Tiro, a scribe and freedman of Cicero, became a notable author in his own right. He wrote on the Latin language, and a life of Cicero, which has been lost; he may have been the chief compiler and preserver of Cicero's correspondence. He was credited with inventing a variety of shorthand, and to have lived to the age of one hundred.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
  • Marcus Tullius M. f. Laurea, apparently the same man as Laurea Tullius, a freedman of Cicero, who was known for his elegiac poetry, and several epigrams that have survived to the modern day.[iii][53][54][55][56][57]
  • Tullius Rufus, a partisan of Pompeius, who was killed at the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC. He had been quaestor, but the year is uncertain.
  • Tiberius Tullius, a partisan of Pompeius during the war in Spain, in 45 BC.[58]
  • Tullius Bassus, or possibly Julius Bassus, a writer on medicine and botany, perhaps belonging to the early first century.[59][60][61]
  • Lucius Tullius Montanus, a companion of the younger Marcus Tullius Cicero on his journey to Athens in 45 BC.[62]
  • Lucius Tullius Cimber, a misreading of Lucius Tillius Cimber, one of Caesar's assassins.
  • Tullius Senecio, one of Nero's friends, who joined in the Pisonian conspiracy, and was forced to take his own life after his participation was discovered.[63]
  • Tullius Flavianus, a cavalry commander serving under Quintus Petillius Cerialis during the civil war between Vitellius and Vespasian. He was captured by Vitellius while fighting in the neighborhood of Rome.[64]
  • Tullius Valentinus, one of the leaders of the Treveri in AD 70, during the Batavian Rebellion. He joined with Julius Tutor in opposing Quintus Petillius Cerialis, and put to death the legates of two legions that had surrendered to Julius Classicus, but was captured by Cerealis at Rigodulum, and was sent to Mucianus and Domitian, by whom he was put to death.[65]
  • Publius Tullius Varro, consul suffectus in April of AD 127.[66]
  • Tullius Geminus, a poet whose epigrams are preserved in the Greek Anthology. The surviving examples describe works of art, and display a number of affectations. A few epigrams attributed solely to Tullius might have been authored by either Tullius Geminus or Marcus Tullius Laurea.[67][68][69]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Dionysius gives his name as Marcus Atilius.
  2. ^ Livy and Zonaras give Tullius, which is preferred by modern historians, but Dionysius calls him Tullus Attius, giving the form normally used as a praenomen, while Plutarch calls him Tullus Aufidius. Attius is a known praenomen, most familiar from Attius Clausus, the Sabine nobleman who removed to Rome, where he was known as Appius Claudius. However, Attius is also found as a nomen gentilicium in imperial times.
  3. ^ A misreading of M. Tullius appears to have led to Laurea's epigrams being attributed to Satullius and Tatullius.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography & Mythology, vol. III, p. 1183 ("Tullia Gens").
  2. ^ Chase, pp. 145, 146.
  3. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 62, Tusculanae Quaestiones, i. 16.
  4. ^ Livy, i. 30.
  5. ^ Wiseman, "Legendary Genealogies", p. 158.
  6. ^ Chase, p. 110.
  7. ^ Chase, p. 113.
  8. ^ Plutarch, The Life of Cicero, 1.
  9. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 707, 708 ("Cicero").
  10. ^ Livy, i. 39.
  11. ^ Dionysius, iv. 1, 2.
  12. ^ Ovid, Fasti, vi. 573 ff, 625 ff.
  13. ^ Valerius Maximus, i. 8 § 11.
  14. ^ Dionysius, iv. 1–40.
  15. ^ Cicero, De Republica, ii. 21, 22.
  16. ^ Livy, i. 39–48.
  17. ^ Zonaras, vii. 9.
  18. ^ Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. i, pp. 249, 398 ff.
  19. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 1184–1190 ("Servius Tullius").
  20. ^ Valerius Maximus, i. 1. § 13.
  21. ^ Dionysius, iv. 62.
  22. ^ Livy, ii. 19.
  23. ^ Dionysius, v. 52–57.
  24. ^ Zonaras, vii. 13.
  25. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 16.
  26. ^ Livy, ii. 35–40.
  27. ^ Dionysius, viii. 1–5, 10–13.
  28. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Coriolanus", 22, 23, 26–28, 31, 39.
  29. ^ Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. ii, note. 217.
  30. ^ Livy, vii. 13–16.
  31. ^ Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 1, iii. 16, De Oratore, ii. 66.
  32. ^ Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 1, De Oratore, ii. 1, De Officiis, iii. 19, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 6.
  33. ^ Cicero, De Oratore, ii. 1.
  34. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 708–746.
  35. ^ Cicero, De Finibus, v. 1, In Verrem, iv. 11, 61, 64, 65, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 5.
  36. ^ Orelli, Onomasticon Tullianum, vol. ii., pp. 596, 597.
  37. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. vi, pp. 696 ff.
  38. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 60, 62, 91.
  39. ^ Florus, iii. 21. § 7.
  40. ^ Cicero, De Lege Agraria, ii. 14.
  41. ^ Gellius, xv. 28.
  42. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 100.
  43. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. v, pp. 258 ff.
  44. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, iii. 71.
  45. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, v. 4, 11, 14, 21, Epistulae ad Familiares, xv. 14. § 8.
  46. ^ Gellius, xiii. 9.
  47. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, liber xvi, Epistulae ad Atticum, iv. 6, vi. 7, vii. 2, 3, 5, xiii. 7, xvi. 5.
  48. ^ Martial, Epigrammata, xiv. 202.
  49. ^ Manilius, Astronomica, iv. 197.
  50. ^ Seneca the Younger, Epistulae, 90.
  51. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Cicero", 41, 49.
  52. ^ Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. vi, p. 409.
  53. ^ Pliny the Elder, xxxi. 2.
  54. ^ Burmann, Anthologia Latina, vol. i, p. 340.
  55. ^ Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, vol. iv, p. 493.
  56. ^ Analecta Veterum Poetarum Graecorum, vol. ii, p. 102.
  57. ^ Anthologia Graeca, vol. ii, p. 90, vol. xiii, p. 907.
  58. ^ Caesar, De Bello Hispaniensis, 17, 18.
  59. ^ Pliny the Elder, index to Historia Naturalis, xx.
  60. ^ Caelius Aurelianus, De Morbis Acutis, iii. 16, p. 233.
  61. ^ Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, vol. xiii, p. 101 (ed. vet).
  62. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 52, 53, xiv. 16, 17, xv. 26, 29.
  63. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xv. 50, 56, 70.
  64. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, iii. 79.
  65. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, iv. 69–74, 85.
  66. ^ Eck, "Hadrische Konsuln", p. 482.
  67. ^ Analecta Veterum, vol. ii, p. 279.
  68. ^ Anthologia Graeca, vol. ii, p. 254, vol. xiii, p. 897.
  69. ^ Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, vol. iv, p. 498.

Bibliography

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