Orthographic transcription

Orthographic transcription is a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language.^[1]^[2]

Examples of orthographic transcription are "Pushkin" and "Pouchkine", respectively the English and French orthographic transcriptions of the surname "Пу́шкин" in the name Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин (Alexander Pushkin). Thus, each target language (English and French) transcribes the surname according to its own orthography.^[2]

Contrast with phonetic transcription, phonemic orthography, transliteration, and translation.

Distinction from transliteration

Transcription as a mapping from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible. Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. Transcription is often confused with transliteration, perhaps due to a common journalistic practice of mixing elements of both in rendering foreign names. The resulting practical transcription is a hybrid that is called both "transcription" and "transliteration" by the general public.

The table below shows examples of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. English speakers will pronounce "Boris" differently from the original Russian, so it is a transliteration rather than a transcription in the strict sense.

The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing using the commonly used contemporary system Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, but in the historically significant Wade–Giles system, it is written Pei-Ching.

Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sound like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.

Subsequent divergence

After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language:

one or both languages may develop further. The original correspondence between the sounds of the two languages may change, and so the pronunciation of the transcribed word develops in a different direction from the original pronunciation.
the transcribed word may be adopted as a loanword in another language with the same script. This often leads to a pronunciation and spelling which are different from a direct transcription.

This is especially evident for Greek loanwords and proper names. Greek words were historically first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loanword has developed according to the rules of the target language. For example, Aristotle is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher whose name in Greek is spelled ̓Aριστoτέλης (Aristotélēs), which was transcribed to Latin Aristoteles, from where it was loaned into other languages and followed their linguistic development. (In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ.)

Pliocene, a much more recent word, comes from the Greek words πλείων (pleiôn, "more") and καινóς (kainós, "new"), which were first transcribed (Latinised) to plion and caenus^{[citation needed]} and then loaned into other languages. (<κ> became <c> because there was no <k> in Latin.)

When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably to convey the original pronunciation. One ancient example is the Sanskrit word dhyāna ("contemplation", "meditation") which was transcribed into the Chinese word ch'anna through Buddhist scriptures; next shortened into ch'an. Ch'an (禪), pronounced zen in Japanese, used as the name of the Buddhist sect of "Chan" (Zen Buddhism), was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン zen) to zen in English. Dhyāna to zen is quite a change.

Another issue is any subsequent change in "preferred" transcription. For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism. That transcription reflects the Wade–Giles system. More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism. (See also Daoism–Taoism romanization issue.)

Transcription and transliteration examples

Examples of the same name rendered in other orthographic systems (sorted by language families)
Original Russian text	Борис Николаевич Ельцин
Official transliteration ISO 9 (GOST 7.79-2000)	Boris Nikolaevič Elʹcin
Scholarly transliteration	Boris Nikolaevič Elʼcin
IPA phonetic transcription	[bʌˈɾʲis nʲɪkʌˈɫajɪvʲɪt͡ʃʲ ˈjelʲt͡sɨn]
Bulgarian / Macedonian	Борис Николаевич Елцин
Serbo-Croatian	Boris Nikolajevič Jeljcin + Борис Николајевич Јељцин
Slovene / Czech	Boris Nikolajevič Jelcin
Slovak	Boris Nikolajevič Jeľcin
Polish	Borys Nikołajewicz Jelcyn
Latvian	Boriss Nikolajevičs Jeļcins
Lithuanian	Boris Nikolajevič Jelcin (Lithuanian form: Borisas Nikolajevičius Jelcinas)
English	Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
German	Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin
Dutch / Norwegian	Boris Nikolajevitsj Jeltsin
Swedish / Danish	Boris Nikolajevitj Jeltsin
Spanish	Borís Nikoláyevich Yeltsin
Filipino	Boris Nikoláyevits Yeltsin
Portuguese	Boris Nicoláievitch Iéltsin
Catalan	Borís Nikolàievitx Ieltsin
French	Boris Nikolaïevitch Ieltsine
Albanian	Boris Nikollajeviç Jellcin
Armenian	Բորիս Նիկոլաևիչ Ելցին (approx. translit. Boris Nikolaewičʿ Elcʿin)
Mahl	ބޮރިސް ނިކޮލަޔެވިޗް ޔެލްސިން (approx. translit. Boris Nikolayevich Yelsin)
Hungarian	Borisz Nyikolajevics Jelcin
Finnish	Boris Nikolajevitš Jeltsin
Estonian	Boriss Nikolajevitš Jeltsin
Turkish	Boris Nikolayeviç Yeltsin
Arabic	بوريس نيكولايفتش يلتسن (approx. translit. Būrīs Nīkūlāyafitsh Yīltsin)
Hebrew	בוריס ניקולאיביץ' ילצין (approx. translit. Bwrjs Njḳwlʾjbjṣ' Jlṣjn)
Chinese (Mandarin)	鲍里斯·尼古拉耶维奇·叶利钦 + Bàolǐsī Nígǔlāyēwéiqí Yèlìqīn (pinyin. This is actually phonetic transcription)
Japanese	ボリス・ニコライェヴィッチ・イェリツィン (approx. translit. Borisu Nikorayevicchi Yeritsin)
Korean	보리스 니콜라예비치 옐친 (approx. translit. Boriseu Nikollayebichi Yelchin)
Greek	Μπορίς Νικολάγιεβιτς Γιέλτσιν (approx. translit. Mporís Nikolágiebits Giéltsin)

References

^ Hayes, Bruce (2011); Introductory Phonology; John Wiley & Sons; ISBN 1444360132, 9781444360134. "The term orthographic transcription simply means that the words are written down using the customary spelling system (orthography) of the language." For a better view of the examples shown in Hayes's book see Fromkin, Victoria (2000); Linguistics: an introduction to linguistic theory; Wiley-Blackwell; ISBN 0631197117, 9780631197119
^ ^a ^b thefreedictionary.com/Transcription, citing Vinogradov, V. A., in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Retrieved March 19, 2012.

[1] Hayes, Bruce (2011); Introductory Phonology; John Wiley & Sons; ISBN 1444360132, 9781444360134. "The term orthographic transcription simply means that the words are written down using the customary spelling system (orthography) of the language." For a better view of the examples shown in Hayes's book see Fromkin, Victoria (2000); Linguistics: an introduction to linguistic theory; Wiley-Blackwell; ISBN 0631197117, 9780631197119

[Vinogradov-2] thefreedictionary.com/Transcription, citing Vinogradov, V. A., in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Retrieved March 19, 2012.

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