Sacred Mountains of China

The Sacred Mountains of China are divided into several groups. The Five Great Mountains (simplified Chinese: 五岳; traditional Chinese: 五嶽; pinyin: Wǔ yuè) refers to five of the most renowned mountains in Chinese history,^[1] and they were the subjects of imperial pilgrimage by emperors throughout ages. They are associated with the supreme God of Heaven and the five main cosmic deities of Chinese traditional religion. The group associated with Buddhism is referred to as the Four Sacred Mountains of Buddhism (四大佛教名山; Sì dà fójiào míngshān), and the group associated with Taoism is referred to as the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism (四大道教名山; Sì dà dàojiào míngshān).

The sacred mountains have all been important destinations for pilgrimage, the Chinese expression for pilgrimage (朝圣; 朝聖; cháo shèng) being a shortened version of an expression which means "paying respect to a holy mountain" (朝拜圣山; 朝拜聖山; cháo bài shèng shān).

The Five Great Mountains

The Five Great Mountains or Wuyue are arranged according to the five cardinal directions of Chinese geomancy, which includes the center as a direction. The grouping of the five mountains appeared during the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC),^[3] and the term Wuyue ("Five Summits") was made popular during the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty 140-87 BC.^[1] In Chinese traditional religion they have cosmological and theological significance as the representation, on the physical plane of earth, of the ordered world emanating from the God of Heaven (Tian–Shangdi), inscribing the Chinese territory as a tán (壇; 'altar'), the Chinese concept equivalent of the Indian mandala.

The five mountains are among the best-known natural landmarks in Chinese history, and since the early periods in Chinese history, they have been the ritual sites of imperial worship and sacrifice by various emperors.^[4] The first legendary sovereigns of China went on excursions or formed processions to the summits of the Five Great Mountains. Every visit took place at the same time of the year. The excursions were hunting trips and ended in ritual offerings to the reigning god.

The emperors, starting with the First Emperor of Qin, formalized these expeditions and incorporated them into state ritual as prescribed by Confucianism. With every new dynasty, the new emperor hurried to the Five Great Mountains in order to lay claim to his newly acquired domains. Barring a number of interruptions, this imperial custom was preserved until the end of the last dynasty, when, after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Yuan Shikai had himself crowned as emperor at the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. But just to be safe, he also made an offer to the god of the northern Mount Heng.

In the 2000s formal sacrifices both in Confucian and Taoist styles have been resumed. The Five Great Mountains have become places of pilgrimage where hundreds of pilgrims gather in temples and caves. Although the Five Great Mountains are not traditionally canonized as having any exclusive religious affiliations, many of them have a strong Taoist presence,^[4] thus the five mountains are also grouped by some as part of "Sacred Taoist Mountains".^[5] There are also various Buddhist temples and Confucian academies built on these mountains.

Alternatively, these mountains are sometimes referred to by the respective directions: the "Northern Great Mountain" (北岳; 北嶽; Běi Yuè), "Southern Great Mountain" (南岳; 南嶽; Nán Yuè), "Eastern Great Mountain" (东岳; 東嶽; Dōng Yuè), "Western Great Mountain" (西岳; 西嶽; Xī Yuè), and "Central Great Mountain" (中岳; 中嶽; Zhōng Yuè).

According to Chinese mythology, the Five Great Mountains originated from the body of Pangu (盘古; 盤古; Pángǔ), the first being and the creator of the world. Because of its eastern location, Mount Tài is associated with the rising sun which signifies birth and renewal. Due to this interpretation, it is often regarded as the most sacred of the Five Great Mountains. In accordance with its special position, Mount Tài is believed to have been formed out of Pangu's head. Mount Heng in Hunan is believed to be a remainder of Pangu's right arm, Mount Heng in Shanxi of his left arm, Mount Song of his belly, and Mount Hua of his feet.^[6]^[7]

Nature conservation

In ancient times mountains were places of authority and fear, ruled by dark forces and faithfully worshipped. One reason for such worship was the value of the mountains to human existence as a spring of welfare and fertility, as the birthplace of rivers, as a place where herbs and medicinal plants grew and as a source of materials to build houses and tools. A basic element of Taoist thought was, and still is, an intuitive feeling of connectedness with nature. As early as the fourth century, the Taoists presented the high priests with the 180 precepts of Lord Lao for how to live a good and honest life. Twenty of these precepts focused explicitly on the conservation of nature, while many other precepts were indirectly aimed at preventing the destruction of nature. Respect for nature has been a key component of Taoism from the very outset and, in its own right, explains why the Five Great Mountains are considered sacred. In addition, Taoists consider mountains as a means of communication between heaven and earth and as the place where immortality can be found. The sanctity of the Five Great Mountains is the reason why even today these mountains still host an exceptional diversity of plants, trees and animal species.

In the course of history, there had been more than one location with the designation for Mount Heng, the North Great Mountain.

The Great Northern Mountain was designated on the original Mount Heng with the main peak known as Mount Damao (大茂山) today, located at the intersection of present-day Fuping County, Laiyuan County and Tang County in Hebei province.

Mount Heng was renamed Mount Chang (常山) to avoid the taboo of sharing the same personal name as Emperor Wen of Han. The appellations Heng and Chang were used extensively in the past to name various districts in the region, such as Changshan Prefecture (常山郡), Hengshan Prefecture (恒山郡), and Hengzhou (恒州).

While it was customary of the ethnic Han emperors to order rites to be performed regularly to honour the Five Great Mountains, the location of the original Mount Heng meant that for much of the eras of fragmentation, the region was either under non-Han rulers or a contested area. The shrines built to perform the rites were neglected and damaged from time and natural disasters. The decline was especially acute after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty when the local population fell sharply after the wars.

This created opportunities for Ming Dynasty officials who were natives of Shanxi to spread rumours that the spirit of Mount Heng had abandoned the original location and settled on Xuanwu Mountain in Hunyuan County in Shanxi. Between the reigns of Emperor Hongzhi and Emperor Wanli, they kept petitioning the emperors to declare the change and decree for the rites for the Northern Great Mountain to be shifted there. In 1586, Emperor Wanli opted a compromise by re-designating the Xuanwu Mountain as Mount Heng, but ordered the relevant rites to continue to be performed in the historic Beiyue Temple.

The movement for the change persisted after the demise of the Ming Dynasty and into the Qing Dynasty. Finally, Emperor Shunzhi consented to have the rites to be moved to Shanxi as well.

Center Great Mountain: Sōng Shān

"Lofty Mountain" (嵩山), Hénán Province, 1,494 m (4,902 ft) 34°29′5″N 112°57′37″E / 34.48472°N 112.96028°E / 34.48472; 112.96028

The Four Sacred Mountains of Buddhism

In Buddhism the Four "Sacred Mountains of China" are:^[8]^[9]^[10]

Wǔtái Shān

"Five-Platform Mountain" (五台山), Shānxī Province, 3,058 m (10,033 ft), 39°04′45″N 113°33′53″E / 39.07917°N 113.56472°E / 39.07917; 113.56472

Wutai is the home of the Bodhisattva of wisdom, Manjusri or Wenshu (Traditional: 文殊) in Chinese.

Éméi Shān

"High and Lofty Mountain" (峨嵋山), Sìchuān Province, 3,099 m (10,167 ft)

The patron bodhisattva of Emei is Samantabhadra, known in Chinese as Puxian (普贤菩萨).

Jǐuhuá Shān

"Nine Glories Mountain" (九华山; 九華山), Ānhuī Province, 1,341 m (4,400 ft), 30°28′56″N 117°48′16″E / 30.48222°N 117.80444°E / 30.48222; 117.80444

Many of the mountain's shrines and temples are dedicated to Ksitigarbha (known in Chinese as Dìzàng, 地藏, in Japanese as Jizō), who is a bodhisattva and protector of beings in hell realms

Pǔtuó Shān

"Mount Potalaka (Sanskrit)" (普陀山), Zhèjiāng Province, 284 m (932 ft) 30°00′35″N 122°23′06″E / 30.00972°N 122.38500°E / 30.00972; 122.38500

This mountain is considered the bodhimanda of Avalokitesvara (Guan Yin), bodhisattva of compassion. It became a popular pilgrimage site and received imperial support in the Song Dynasty.^[11]

The Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism

The "Four Sacred Mountains" of Taoism are:^[8]^[12]^[13]

Wǔdāng Shān

Literally "Military Wherewithal" (武当山; 武當山); northwestern part of Hubei. Main peak: 1,612 m (5,289 ft). 32°40′0″N 111°00′4″E / 32.66667°N 111.00111°E / 32.66667; 111.00111.

Lónghŭ Shān

Literally "Dragon and Tiger" (龙虎山; 龍虎山), Jiangxi. Main peak: 247.4 m (812 ft). 28°06′48.999″N 116°57′29.998″E / 28.11361083°N 116.95833278°E / 28.11361083; 116.95833278

Qíyūn Shān

Literally "Neat Clouds" (齐云山; 齊雲山), Anhui. Main peak: 585 m (1,919 ft). 29°48′29.9988″N 118°01′56.9994″E / 29.808333000°N 118.032499833°E / 29.808333000; 118.032499833

Qīngchéng Shān

Literally "Misty Green City Wall" (青城山); (Nearby city: Dujiangyan, Sichuan. Main peak: 1,260 m (4,130 ft) (surveyed in 2007). In ancient Chinese history, Mount Qingcheng area was famous for being for "The most secluded place in China". 30°58′35.73″N 103°30′59.90″E / 30.9765917°N 103.5166389°E / 30.9765917; 103.5166389.

Bibliography

Robson, James (2009). Power of Place: The Religious Landscape of the Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue) in Medieval China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center.
Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob (1997). The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Brill. ISBN 9004107371.

References

^ ^a ^b Julyan, Robert Hixson (1984). Mountain names. Mountaineers Books. p. 199. ISBN 9780898860917.
^ Sun & Kistemaker (1997), p. 121.
^ Little, Stephen; Eichman, Shawn (2000). Taoism and the Arts of China. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780520227859.
^ ^a ^b Eberhard, Wolfram (1986). A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. Psychology Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780415002288.
^ Pregadio, Fabrizio (2008). The Encyclopedia of Taoism, Volume 1. Psychology Press. p. 1075. ISBN 9780700712007.
^ Wang, Fang (2016). Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context. Springer. p. 173. ISBN 9789811004834.
^ Tan, Joan Qionglin (2009). Han Shan, Chan Buddhism and Gary Snyder's Ecopoetic Way. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845193416.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Raj, Razaq and Nigel D. Morpeth (2007). Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals Management: An International Perspective. CABI. p. 108. ISBN 9781845932251. Sacred Buddhist sites especially evidence this kind of environment, such as Mount Wutai, Mount Jiuhua, Mount Putuo and Mount Emei. The four biggest Taoist mountains – Mount Longhu, Mount Qiyun, Mount Qingcheng and Mount Wudang – are also beautiful and tranquil.
^ "Sacred Buddhist Mountains in China". Alliance of Religions and Conversation. The four sacred Buddhist mountains of China are believed to be the homes of Boddhisattvas (enlightened beings who have delayed their Nirvana to remain on earth and help others find enlightenment).
^ Xi Wen. "A Visit to the Four Sacred Mountains of Buddhism". China Today.
^ Bingenheimer, Marcus (2016). Island of Guanyin - Mount Putuo and its Gazetteers. London, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–19.
^ "The "Four Sacred Taoist Mountains"". Chinese Geographical Culture. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20.
^ "Life preserving and refreshing in Wudang". China Daily. 2011-12-02.

External links

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Google Maps Pro of 15 Sacred Mountains in China
Google Earth Map of both Five and Four Sacred Mountains KMZ File
中国的宗教与环境 [Religion and the environment in China]. chinadialogue.—Why the five sacred mountains survive in a good ecological state
A Report on the Nine Sacred Mountains

[names-1] Julyan, Robert Hixson (1984). Mountain names. Mountaineers Books. p. 199. ISBN 9780898860917.

[FOOTNOTESunKistemaker1997121-2] Sun & Kistemaker (1997), p. 121.

[Cal-3] Little, Stephen; Eichman, Shawn (2000). Taoism and the Arts of China. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780520227859.

[Eberhard-4] Eberhard, Wolfram (1986). A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. Psychology Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780415002288.

[5] Pregadio, Fabrizio (2008). The Encyclopedia of Taoism, Volume 1. Psychology Press. p. 1075. ISBN 9780700712007.

[Fang-6] Wang, Fang (2016). Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context. Springer. p. 173. ISBN 9789811004834.

[Tan2009-7] Tan, Joan Qionglin (2009). Han Shan, Chan Buddhism and Gary Snyder's Ecopoetic Way. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845193416.^{[page needed]}

[CABI-8] Raj, Razaq and Nigel D. Morpeth (2007). Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals Management: An International Perspective. CABI. p. 108. ISBN 9781845932251. Sacred Buddhist sites especially evidence this kind of environment, such as Mount Wutai, Mount Jiuhua, Mount Putuo and Mount Emei. The four biggest Taoist mountains – Mount Longhu, Mount Qiyun, Mount Qingcheng and Mount Wudang – are also beautiful and tranquil.

[9] "Sacred Buddhist Mountains in China". Alliance of Religions and Conversation. The four sacred Buddhist mountains of China are believed to be the homes of Boddhisattvas (enlightened beings who have delayed their Nirvana to remain on earth and help others find enlightenment).

[10] Xi Wen. "A Visit to the Four Sacred Mountains of Buddhism". China Today.

[11] Bingenheimer, Marcus (2016). Island of Guanyin - Mount Putuo and its Gazetteers. London, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–19.

[12] "The "Four Sacred Taoist Mountains"". Chinese Geographical Culture. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20.

[13] "Life preserving and refreshing in Wudang". China Daily. 2011-12-02.

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v t e Sacred Mountains of China
Five Great Mountains	Tai Hua Heng (Hunan) Heng (Shanxi) Song
Four Sacred Chinese Buddhist Mountains	Emei Jiuhua Putuo Wutai
Four Sacred Tibetan Buddhist Mountains	Kawagarbo Amne Machin Rinpoche (Kailash) Ghado Jobo
Four Sacred Taoist Mountains	Wudang Longhu Qiyun Qingcheng
Three Sacred Mountains	Tian Shan Changbai Kunlun
Three Famous Mountains	Huang Lushan Yandang
Five Garrison Mountains	Yi Wu Kuaiji Yiwulü Huo
Other Sacred Mountains	Lao Zhongnan Gongga Qomolangma (Everest) Three Holy Peaks of Nyidên, Dabba (Yading)