List of gamma-ray bursts
Appearance
The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.
List
Burst | Position | Redshift | Detected by | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GRB 670702 | Vela 4 | First GRB detected | |||
GRB 790305b | The first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB. | ||||
GRB 830801 | Brightest GRB detected | ||||
GRB 970228 | z = 0.695[Ref 1] | BeppoSAX | First X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow | ||
GRB 970402 | RA 14h 50.1m Dec −69° 20′ |
BeppoSAX | From an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.[Ref 2] | ||
GRB 970508 | z = 0.835 | BeppoSAX | First redshift, first radio afterglow | ||
GRB 971214 | z = 3.4 | BATSE | The first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs. | ||
GRB 980425 | z = 0.008[Ref 3] | BATSE | The second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova. | ||
GRB 990123 | R.A. 15h 25m 29s Decl. 44° 45′ 30″[Ref 4] |
z = 1.6 | BeppoSAX | First burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift. | |
GRB 991216 | BATSE | First burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory[1] | |||
GRB 030329 | z = 0.168[Ref 5] | HETE-2 | The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date. | ||
GRB 050509B | z = 0.225 | Swift | First short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique). | ||
GRB 050709 | z = 0.161[Ref 6] | HETE-2 | First short burst with a detected optical counterpart. | ||
GRB 050724 | z = 0.258[Ref 7] | Swift | First short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy. | ||
GRB 060218 | z = 0.0331[Ref 8] | Swift | First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst. | ||
GRB 060614 | R.A. 21h 23m 27.0s Decl. −53° 02′ 02″ |
z = 0.125 | Swift | Either a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission. | |
GRB 080319B | z = 0.937 | Swift | The most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst. | ||
GRB 080916C | z = 4.35[Ref 9] | Fermi | The most energetic gamma-ray burst observed to date. | ||
GRB 090423 | R.A. 09h 55m 33.08s Decl. +18° 08′ 58.9″ |
z = 8.2 | Swift | Remains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation.[2][Ref 10] | |
GRB 101225A | R.A. 00h 00m 47.51s Decl. +44° 36′ 01.1″ |
z = 0.33 | Swift | 28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst". | |
GRB 130427A | R.A. 11h 32m 32.84s Decl. +27° 41′ 56.2″ |
z = 0.34 | Swift | hours duration | |
GRB 160625B | R.A. 20h 34m 23.25s Decl. +06° 55′ 10.5″[3] |
z = 1.406[3][4] | Fermi; LAT | ||
GRB 170817A | R.A. 12h 47m Decl. −39° 48′[5] |
z = 0.009727 | Fermi | Neutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817.[5][6][7] Closest GRB known to date | |
GRB 190114C | R.A. 03h 38m 1.63s Decl. −26° 56′ 48.1″[8] |
z=0.4245[9] | Swift;[10] Fermi[11] | The afterglow light emitted soon after the burst was found to be tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission, identified for the first time;[12] "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14] |
Extremes
Title | GRB | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Least distant | GRB 170817A | z = 0.009727 | Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy |
Most distant with photometric redshift estimate | GRB 090429B | z = 9.4 | [15] |
Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate | GRB 090423 | z = 8.2 | [2] |
Least Luminous | |||
Most Luminous | GRB 110918A | z = 0.984 [citation needed] | Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 Watts [16] |
Most Energetic | GRB 190114C | 1Tera electron volt (TeV); z=0.4245;[9] magnitude=15.60est[10] |
"light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14][17] |
Longest duration | GRB 111209A | Duration = at least 7 hours | |
Shortest duration | GRB 820405 | Duration = 12 ms | |
Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB | GRB 080319B | Apparent magnitude: 5.3 z=0.937 |
[18][19] |
Firsts
Title | GRB | Date | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
First GRB detected | GRB 670702 | 1967 July 2 | [18] | |
First GRB identified | GRB 781104 | 1978 November 4 | Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela | |
First long duration GRB discovered | ||||
First short duration GRB discovered | ||||
First hard spectrum GRB discovered | ||||
First soft spectrum GRB discovered | ||||
First GRB whose distance was determined | GRB 970508 | z=0.835 | [20] | |
First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow | GRB 970508 | [20] | ||
First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow | GRB 970228 | February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC | [20] | |
First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow | GRB 780506 | [21] | ||
First GRB linked to a supernova | GRB 980425 | 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC | SN 1998bw | GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dh [20][22] |
First GRB of naked-eye brightness | GRB 080319B | 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC | Apparent magnitude: 5.7 | The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 [18][19][20] |
First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection | GRB 170817A | 2017 August 17 | GW170817 | |
First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission.[12] | GRB 190114C | 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT[10] | z=0.4245;[9] magnitude=15.60est[10] |
"light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14] |
Most distant GRB
GRB | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|
GRB 090429B | z=9.4 | [15] (photometric redshift) |
GRB 090423 | z=8.2 | [23] |
GRB 080913 | z=6.7 | [23] |
GRB 060116 | z=6.60 | The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain.[24] |
GRB 140515A | z=6.33 | [25] |
GRB 050904 | z=6.295 | [26] |
GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era |
GRB | Date | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
GRB 090429B | May 2011 — | z=9.4 | The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011.[15] |
GRB 090423 | April 2009 — May 2011 | z=8.2 | This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.[23] |
GRB 080913 | September 2008 — April 2009 | z=6.7 | [23][27] |
GRB 050904 | September 2005 — September 2008 | z=6.29 | [26][27][28] |
GRB 000131 | January 2000 — September 2005 | z=4.50 | [28][29][30] |
GRB 971214 | December 1997 — January 2000 | z=3.42 | [20][29][30] |
GRB 970508 | May 1997 — December 1997 | z=0.835 | First GRB with its distance determined [20] |
Notes
Footnotes
References
- Antonelli LA, Fiore F. "BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970402".
- Caldwell N; et al. (2003). "GRB 030329, optical spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 2053: 1.
- Mirabal N, Halpern JP (2006). "GRB 060218: MDM Redshift". GCN Circulars. 4792: 1. Bibcode:2006GCN..4792....1M.
- Odewahn SC; et al. (1999). "GRB 990123". GCN Circulars. 7094: 1. Bibcode:1999IAUC.7094....1O.
- Bloom JS; et al. (2001). "The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228". Astrophysical Journal. 554 (2): 678–683. arXiv:astro-ph/0007244. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554..678B. doi:10.1086/321398.
- Greiner J; et al. (2009). "The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (1): 89–94. arXiv:0902.0761. Bibcode:2009A&A...498...89G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811571.
- Reddy F (28 April 2009). "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record". NASA. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- Schilling G (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80053-6.
- Tinney C; et al. (1998). "IAU Circular 6896: IAUC 6896: GRB 980425; V4334 Sgr". IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- Price PA; et al. (2005). "GRB 050709: Spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 3605: 1. Bibcode:2005GCN..3605....1P.
- Berger E; et al. (2005). "The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724". Nature. 438 (7070): 988–90. arXiv:astro-ph/0508115. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..988B. doi:10.1038/nature04238. PMID 16355217.
Citations
- ^ "The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 30 December 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ^ a b Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Kruehler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro Tirado, A. J.; Cavanagh, B. (1 October 2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–1257. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=
ignored (|display-authors=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Racusin, Judith; et al. (26 June 2016). "GCN Circular: GRB 160625B: Fermi-LAT detection of a bright burst (and related)". NASA. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ Greiner, Jochen (12 July 2017). "Gamma-ray Burst 160625B". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ a b Kienlin, Andreas von (17 August 2017). "GCN Circular; Number: 21520; GRB 170817A: Fermi GBM detection; 2017/08/17 20:00:07 GMT". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ Casttelvecchi, Davide (25 August 2017). "Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22482. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ^ Drake, Nadia (25 August 2017). "Strange Stars Caught Wrinkling Spacetime? Get the Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ^ Staff (2019). "SIMBAD - GRB 190114C". SIMBAD. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Staff (2019). "GRB 190114C". University of Chicago. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d Palmer, David (14 January 2019). "GRB 190114C: Swift detection of a very bright burst with a bright optical counterpart". Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ Zhang, Ben (20 November 2019). "Extreme emission seen from γ-ray bursts - Cosmic explosions called γ-ray bursts are the most energetic bursting events in the Universe. Observations of extremely high-energy emission from two γ-ray bursts provide a new way to study these gigantic explosions". Nature. 575: 448–449. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03503-6.
- ^ a b c d e University of Johannesburg (22 November 2019). "Caught in afterglow: 1st detection of Inverse Compton emission from dying gamma-ray burst". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Wood, Tom (22 November 2019). "Scientists Detect Biggest Explosion In The Universe Since The Big Bang". LADbible. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b c ESA/Hubble Information Centre (20 November 2019). "Hubble studies gamma-ray burst with the highest energy ever seen". EurekAlert! (Press release). Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011
- ^ IOP, "The ultraluminous GRB 110918A", http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151/meta
- ^ Veres, P; et al. (20 November 2019). "Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst". Nature. 575 (7783): 459–463. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..459M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6. PMID 31748725.
- ^ a b c "The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2009-11-17. (922 KB), T. Dockweiler, Science Newsletter - June 2008 . Retrieved 2009 11 11.
- ^ a b Bloom, J. S. (2009). "OBSERVATIONS OF THE NAKED-EYE GRB 080319B: IMPLICATIONS OF NATURE'S BRIGHTEST EXPLOSION". The Astrophysical Journal. 691: 723–737. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691..723B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723.
- ^ a b c d e f g The ING Newsletter, "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky", P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No.2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11)
- ^ Connors, A. (1998). "The X‐Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma‐Ray Burst and Its Afterglow". The Astrophysical Journal. 501: 307–324. arXiv:astro-ph/9802055. doi:10.1086/305815.
- ^ SpaceDaily, "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked", Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November.
- ^ a b c d New Scientist, "Most distant object in the universe spotted", Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Kruehler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro Tirado, A. J.; Cavanagh, B. (2014). "GRB 140515A at z=6.33: Constraints on the End of Reionization from a Gamma-ray Burst in a Low Hydrogen Column Density Environment". arXiv:1405.7400 [astro-ph.CO].
{{cite arXiv}}
: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=
ignored (|display-authors=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b New Scientist, "Blazing gamma-ray burst is most distant ever", Jeff Hecht, 11:47 13 September 2005 . Retrieved 2009 November 11.
- ^ a b New Scientist, "Cosmic explosion is most distant ever seen", Maggie McKee, 01:22 20 September 2008 (accessed 11/11/2009)
- ^ a b Haislip, JB; Nysewander, MC; Reichart, DE; et al. (March 2006). "A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 +/- 0.12 for GRB 050904". Nature. 440: 181–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..181H. doi:10.1038/nature04552. PMID 16525465.
- ^ a b ESA, "Yet another record: Ulysses detects most distant gamma-ray burst", 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ a b Andersen, Michael I. (2001). "Hunting Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Lyman-Forest; GRB 000131 at z = 4.50 Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla and Paranal, Chile (ESO Programmes 64.H-0573, 64.H-0580, 64.O-0187, and 64.H-0313)". ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA: 133–135. Bibcode:2001grba.conf..133A. doi:10.1007/10853853_34.