Second Battle of Cape Finisterre

Second Battle of Cape Finisterre
	Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
	; Battle of the ship Intrepid against several British ships, Pierre-Julien Gilbert
Date	25 October 1747
Location	Off Cape Finisterre, Atlantic Ocean47°49′N 12°0′W / 47.817°N 12.000°W
Result	Decisive British victory
Belligerents
Great Britain	France
Commanders and leaders
Edward Hawke	Henri des Herbiers
Strength
14 ships of the line ; 1 sloop	9 ships of the line ; 1 frigate ; 252 merchant ships
Casualties and losses
712 killed and wounded	800 killed and wounded ; 4,000 captured ; 6 ships of the line captured ; 7 merchant ships captured

The Second Battle of Cape Finisterre was a naval battle which took place on 25 October 1747 (14 October 1747 in the Julian calendar then in use in Great Britain) during the War of the Austrian Succession. A British fleet of fourteen ships of the line commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Hawke intercepted a French convoy protected by eight French ships of the line commanded by Admiral Desherbiers de l'Etenduère. The battle took place in the eastern Atlantic, roughly halfway between Ireland and Cape Finisterre in northwest Spain.

It was a decisive British victory that has been described as "the most brilliant naval action of the war".^[1] It put an end to French naval operations for the remainder of the war, thus eliminating any threat of an invasion of Britain and threatening the very existence of France's empire overseas.

Events

Prelude

North America was a secondary theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession, principally fought between France and Britain, and was a source of raw materials for both sides. Britain's Royal Navy had disrupted France's transatlantic trade in the past, notably at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre on 14 May 1747. France made a second attempt to reopen the supply routes in October of that year, assembling 252 merchantmen in the Basque Roads off La Rochelle. They would be protected by eight men-of-war from Brest.

The British got wind of this huge convoy, and dispatched a squadron of 14 smaller ships from Plymouth on 20 August (9 August Julian). Hawke was given the command at the last minute after Sir Peter Warren had fallen ill with scurvy.^[4] The French set off on 17th (6th) October, and were sighted by Hawke's fleet eight days later at 7am.

Battle

Initially Hawke thought he was up against a much larger fleet of warships, and formed a line of battle; when the French responded in kind Hawke realised that he was faced by inferior numbers that could be progressively enveloped by a "swarm" of ships.^[1] This allowed the British to make up for their inferior individual firepower by concentrating their fire on one ship at a time as Anson had done back in May, rather than rigidly sticking to a line of battle. At first the French mistook the British ships for members of the convoy; on realising their mistake the French hoped to use their warships to just divert the British for long enough that the merchants had a chance to escape into the vastness of the Atlantic.

Hawke approached from leeward while the French sailed close-hauled in a line ahead, hoping he would engage in a long-range artillery duel.^[4] Instead, Hawke made the signal for a general chase,^[1] freeing his captains from the constraints of a formal battle.^[4] The British overhauled the French line and enveloped it from rear to van, capturing six ships.^[4] The Comte de Vaudreuil in Intrépide, first in the French line, turned back to help his admiral, allowing both ships to escape. The French also lost 4000 men, which would prove as devastating as the loss of the ships themselves.^[1]

The merchants escaped under the protection of the Content 64 and Castor 26, and continued across the Atlantic. However most of them were intercepted and captured in the West Indies by Commodore George Pocock in the winter of 1747-48.^[1]

Aftermath

This disaster convinced the French government of its helplessness at sea, and it made no further efforts to fight convoys through the British blockade. This soon brought most of France's colonies close to starvation particularly in the West Indies. For example, Martinique was successfully blockaded by the Royal Navy from their new base at English Harbour in Antigua thus bringing France to the negotiating table despite her victories in the Low Countries and elsewhere.^[1] King Louis decided to give back the Netherlands in return for normality in the colonies. The psychological impact of the battles of Cape Finisterre continued into the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), as King Louis would prove reluctant to send men and supplies to New France and her other colonies.^[2]

Order of battle

Britain (Edward Hawke)

Devonshire 64/66 (flag, John Moore)
Kent 74 (Thomas Fox)
Edinburgh 70 (Thomas Cotes)
Yarmouth 64 (Charles Saunders)
Monmouth 64 (Henry Harrison)
Princess Louisa 60 (Charles Watson)
Windsor 60 (Thomas Hanway)
Lion 60 (Arthur Scott)
Tilbury 60 (Robert Harland)
Nottingham 60 (Philip de Saumarez)
Defiance 60 (John Bentley)
Eagle 60 (George Brydges Rodney)
Gloucester 50 (Philip Durell)
Portland 50 (Charles Stevens)
Weazel 16

France (des Herbiers de l'Etenduère)

Tonnant 80 (flag, Duchaffault) — escaped
Intrépide 74 (Comte de Vaudreuil) — escaped
Terrible 74 (Comte du Guay) — captured
Monarque 74 (de la Bédoyère) — captured
Neptune 70/74 — captured
Trident 64 (Marquis d'Amblimont) — captured
Fougueux 64 (du Vignau) — captured
Content 64 — escaped with merchants
Severn 50/56 (du Rouret de Saint-Estève) — captured
Castor 26 — escaped with merchants
Convoy of 252 ships

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Black, Jeremy (1999). Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815: 1688 - 1815. Routledge. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-1-85728-772-1.
^ ^a ^b Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO Ltd. p. 754. ISBN 978-1851096671.
^ ^a ^b Allen, Joseph (1852). Battles of the British navy, Volume 1. Henry G. Bohn. pp. 165.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sweetman, Jack (1997). The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587-1945. Naval Institute Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1.

References

A History of the French Navy (1973)

[Black-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Black, Jeremy (1999). Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815: 1688 - 1815. Routledge. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-1-85728-772-1.

[Tucker-2] Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO Ltd. p. 754. ISBN 978-1851096671.

[Allen-3] Allen, Joseph (1852). Battles of the British navy, Volume 1. Henry G. Bohn. pp. 165.

[Sweetman-4] Sweetman, Jack (1997). The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587-1945. Naval Institute Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1.

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