Dry dung fuel
Dry dung fuel (or dry manure fuel) is animal feces that has been dried in order to be used as a fuel source. It is used in many countries. Using dry manure as a fuel source is an example of reuse of excreta. A disadvantage of using this kind of fuel is increased air pollution.[1] In India, this kind of fuel source is known as "dung cakes".
Types
Dry dung and moist dung
Dry dung is more commonly used than moist dung, because it burns more easily. Dry manure is typically defined as having a moisture content less than 30 percent.[2]
Dung cakes
"Dung cakes", made from the by-products of animal husbandry, are traditionally used as fuel in India for cooking food in a domestic hearth called a Chulha. They are made by hand by village women and are traditionally made from cow or buffalo dung. One dung cake of an average size gives 2100 kJ worth of energy. Dung cakes are also known as goitha, uple, kande, gosse or thepdi.
These are the cakes of cow dung molded by bare hands with a curvature to be able to keep stuck to the walls. Once dried they are put in a pile and covered with thatch called bitauda. These bitaudas are visible in parts of rural India albeit with different names. The size and shape of the cake might vary with region. Its also not uncommon to see these cakes directly used in earthen ovens.
This bio-fuel has been used primarily for two reasons: for easy disposal of cow dung and as easily available and cheap fuel.
Human feces
Human feces can in principle also be dried and used as a fuel source if they are collected in a type of dry toilet, for example an incinerating toilet. Since 2011, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is supporting the development of such toilets as part of their "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" to promote safer, more effective ways to treat human excreta.[3] The omni-processor is another example of using human feces contained in fecal sludge or sewage sludge as a fuel source.
Benefits
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The benefits of using dry animal dung include:[4]
- Cheaper than most modern fuels
- Efficient
- Alleviates local pressure on wood resources
- Readily available - short walking time required to collect fuel
- No cash outlays necessary for purchase (can be exchanged for other products)
- Less environmental pollution compared to some other fuels
- Safe disposal of animal dung
- Sustainable and renewable energy source
Countries
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Africa
- In Egypt dry animal dung (from cows & buffaloes) is mixed with straw or crop residues to make dry fuel called "Gella" or "Jilla" dung cakes in modern times and ""khoroshtof"" in medieval times.[5] Ancient Egyptians used the dry animal dung as a source of fuel.[6] Dung cakes and building crop residues were the source of 76.4% of gross energy consumed in Egypt's rural areas during the 1980s.[7] Temperatures of dung-fueled fires in an experiment on Egyptian village-made dung cake fuel produced
- ""a maximum of 640 °C in 12 minutes, falling to 240 °C after 25 minutes and 100 °C after 46 minutes. These temperatures were obtained without refueling and without bellows etc.""[8]
Also, camel dung is used as fuel in Egypt.
- Lisu is the cakes of dry cow dung fuel in Lesotho (see photo)
Asia
- Afghanistan
- Bangladesh, dry cow dung fuel is called Ghunte.
- China
- India, dry buffalo dung is used as fuel and it is sometimes a sacred practice to use cow dung fuel in some areas in India. Cow dung is known as "Gomaya" or "Komaya" in India. Dry animal dung cakes are called thepla in Hindi.[9]
- Iran, since prehistoric time to modern eras[10]
- Kyrgyz Republic, dung is used in specially designed home stoves, which vent to the outside
- Mongolia, dry cow dung and sheep dung cakes are commonly used as fuel.
- Nepal[11]
- Pakistan, cow/buffalo dung is used as fuel.[8]
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Europe
- Kazakhs dry animal dung is known as "Kiziak" which is made by collecting dried animal dung on the steppe, wetting it in water then mixing it with straw then making it in discs which were then dried in the sun. It was used as a source of fuel for the winter and, throughout the summer.[12]
- France in Maison du Marais poitevin in Coulon there is a demonstration of traditional usage of dry dung fuel.
The Americas
- Early European settlers on the Great Plains of the United States used dried buffalo manure as a fuel. They called it buffalo chips.
- American officials in Texas are studying using dry cow dung as a fuel
- Pueblo Indians used dry animal dung as a fuel
- In Peru, the Yavari steam ship was fueled by llama dung fuel for several decades.
- Dry dung can be used in the production of celluloid for film.
History
Dry animal dung was used from prehistoric times,[13] including in Ancient Persia[10] and Ancient Egypt. In Equatorial Guinea archaeological evidence has been found of the practice[14] and biblical records indicate animal and human dung were used as fuel.[15]
See also
References
- ^ Mudway, Ian S; Duggan, Sean T; Venkataraman, Chandra; Habib, Gazala; Kelly, Frank J; Grigg, Jonathan (2005). "Combustion of dried animal dung as biofuel results in the generation of highly redox active fine particulates". Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-2-6. ISSN 1743-8977. PMC 1262769. PMID 16202154.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Biomass Report, Yakima County Public Works Solid Waste Division" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Elisabeth von Muench, Dorothee Spuhler, Trevor Surridge, Nelson Ekane, Kim Andersson, Emine Goekce Fidan, Arno Rosemarin (2013) Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s sanitation grants, Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal, Issue 17, pp. 4–10
- ^ "Pyrolysis Processing of Animal Manure to Produce Fuel Gases" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Egyptian cities and markets: What's behind a name? - Street Smart - Folk - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Chronicles |". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Biogas Technology Transfer To Rural Communities in Egypt" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Dung & Archeology". Sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Animal Dung As A Source of Energy in Remote Areas of Indian Himalayas" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ a b Miller, Naomi (1 January 1984). "The use of dung as fuel: an ethnographic example and an archaeological application | Naomi Miller". Paléorient. 10 (2). Academia.edu: 71–79. doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.941. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Health Costs of Dung-Cake Fuel Use by the Poor in Rural Nepal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Polish settlements in Russia during WW II". Polishresettlementcampsintheuk.co.uk. 19 September 1936. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Mlekuž, Dimitrij (2009). "The materiality of dung: the manipulation of dung in Neolithic Mediterranean caves". Documenta Praehistorica. 36: 219. doi:10.4312/dp.36.14. ISSN 1854-2492.
- ^ Picornell Gelabert, Llorenç; Asouti, Eleni; Martí, Ethel Allué (2011). "The ethnoarchaeology of firewood management in the Fang villages of Equatorial Guinea, central Africa: Implications for the interpretation of wood fuel remains from archaeological sites". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30 (3): 375–384. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2011.05.002. ISSN 0278-4165.
- ^ The Bible Ezekiel 4:12 And you shall eat it as barley cakes, and you shall bake it with dung that comes out of man. http://bibleapps.com/ezekiel/4-12.htm