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Handrail

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A modern handrail made from metal.

A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability or support.[1] Handrails are commonly used while ascending or descending stairways and escalators in order to prevent injurious falls. Handrails are typically supported by posts or mounted directly to walls.

Similar items not covered in this article include bathroom handrails—which help to prevent falls on slippery, wet floors—other grab bars, used, for instance, in ships' galleys, and barres, which serve as training aids for ballet dancers. Guard rails and balustrades line drop-offs and other dangerous areas, keeping people and vehicles out.

History

On a staircase which has no banisters to support a handrail, then, as illustrated here, a handrail may be fixed to the wall.
Termination of a Handrail at the Museum of Natural History, Görlitz, Germany

The oldest known handrail was uncovered by French archaeologist Pierre St. Jamaine in an Assyrian ruin in southern Iraq in the city-state Nippur.[citation needed]

British specifications

British Standard and British Standard Code of Practice are harmonized to European Normal (EN) series. Handrail height is set between 0.9 and 1 metre (35 and 39 in).[2]

Dimensions (US)

Various model codes—The International Code Council (ICC[3]) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA[4])—and accessibility standards—ANSI[5] A117.1 and the Americans With Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design (ADASAD)—refer to handrail dimensions. Current versions of these codes and standards now agree that handrail is defined as either a circular cross section with an outside diameter of 1+1⁄4 inches (32 mm) minimum and 2 inches (51 mm) maximum or a non-circular cross section with a perimeter dimension of 4 inches (100 mm) minimum and 6+1⁄4 inches (160 mm) maximum and a cross section dimension of 2+1⁄4 inches (57 mm)) maximum.[6] In addition, the International Residential Code (IRC) includes a definition of a "Type II" handrail that allows for handrail with a perimeter dimension greater than 6+1⁄4 inches (160 mm).

The IRC and residential portion of the 2009 IBC define Type II[7] handrail as follows:

Type II. Handrails with a perimeter greater than 6+1⁄4 inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of at least 5⁄16 inch (8 mm) within 7⁄8 inch (22 mm) below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth shall continue for at least 3⁄8 inch (10 mm) to a level that is not less than 1+3⁄4 inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of the profile. The minimum width of the handrail above the recess shall be 1+1⁄4 inches (32 mm) to a maximum of 2+3⁄4 inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inches (0.25 mm).

Handrails are located at a height between 34 and 38 inches (860 and 970 mm). In areas where children are the principal users of a building or facility, the 2010 ADASAD recommends that a second set of handrails at a maximum height of 28 inches (710 mm) measured to the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair nosing can assist in preventing accidents.

Clearance (US)

The distance between the wall and handrail gripping surface is also governed by local code with the most common requirement being 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) minimum. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) require that the distance between the wall and handrail be a minimum of 2+1⁄4 inches (57 mm).

The 1992 Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) stated that there was to be an absolute dimension of 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) between a handrail and a wall. This was actually a "grab bar" dimension which was part of the 1986 ANSI A117.1. ANSI changed the notation to 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) minimum in 1990. This was not corrected in 2010 with the approval of the new ADASAD which now calls for a 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) minimum clearance.

Codes also generally require that there be a 1+1⁄2 inches (38 mm) clearance between the underside of the handrail and any obstruction—including the horizontal bracket arm. There is an allowance however for variations in the handrail size—for every 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) of additional perimeter dimension over 4 inches (100 mm), 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) may be subtracted from the clearance requirement.[8]

Strength (US)

Handrails are to support a continuous load of 50 pounds per foot (74 kg/m) or a concentrated load of 200 pounds (91 kg) applied at the top of the handrail.

ADA height notations

Adult requirements

Top of gripping surfaces of handrails shall be between 34 and 38 inches (860 and 970 mm) vertically above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces.[6]

Child recommendation

When children are the principal users in a building or facility (e.g., elementary schools), a second set of handrails at an appropriate height can assist them and aid in preventing accidents. A maximum height of 28 inches (710 mm) measured to the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair nosing is recommended for handrails designed for children. Sufficient vertical clearance between upper and lower handrails, 9 inches (230 mm) minimum, should be provided to help prevent entrapment.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  2. ^ "Home". www.gov.uk.
  3. ^ "International Code Council: ICC". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
  4. ^ "National Fire Protection Association". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
  5. ^ "American National Standards Institute: ANSI". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
  6. ^ a b c "Chapter 5: General Site and Building Elements". United States Access Board. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ "Type II Handrail". Retrieved 2017-08-18.
  8. ^ "Clarifying Handrail Bracket Clearance". Retrieved 2017-08-18.
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