Ghana Independence Act 1957
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| Long title | An Act to make provision for, and in connection with, the attainment by the Gold Coast of fully responsible status within the British Commonwealth of Nations. |
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| Citation | 5 & 6 Eliz. 2, c. 6 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 7 February 1957 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |
The Ghana Independence Act 1957 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name Ghana. The Act received the Royal Assent on 7 February 1957 and Ghana came into being on 6 March 1957.[1]
Independence within the British Commonwealth could not be attained by a dependent territory like Gold Coast without legislation passed at Westminster.[1] The main provisions of the Act closely follow the Statute of Westminster and the Ceylon Independence Act 1947.[1] The grant of independence to the Gold Coast was achieved by two separate legislative operations, namely, the passing of the Act and the making of the Ghana (Constitution) Order in Council 1957.[2] A matter that complicated the legislation was that what was to become Ghana was not a single, constitutional unit but rather four distinct areas: The Gold Coast Colony which was a Crown Colony and therefore part of Her Majesty's dominions; the Ashanti Colony which was likewise a Crown Colony and part of Her Majesty's dominions; the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast which was a British Protectorate and not part of Her Majesty's dominions; and British Togoland which was a United Nations trust territory and not part of Her Majesty's dominions.[2] With respect to the Northern Territories, the legislation terminated the agreements with the native Chiefs on which the protectorate status was based. With respect to British Togoland, a referendum was held to determine the consent of its people to being united with the rest of what would become Ghana.[2] With effect from when the Act entered into force all of what became Ghana became part of Her Majesty's dominions as a single, unified dominion.
The independence legislation began to take shape following the return of the Convention People's Party to power at the Gold Coast general election of 1954. The party won 79 out of 104 seats.[1] The Gold Coast government expressed its hope of achieving independence within the lifetime of the new assembly.[1]
A dispute within the Gold Coast about the form of Constitution after independence was still unresolved as late as 1956.[1] The same year the United Kingdom government publicly stated that provided it had the support of a "reasonable majority", the United Kingdom was prepared to legislate for the Gold Coast to have independence within the British Commonwealth.[1] The Secretary of State for the Colonies added that "[f]ull membership of the Commonwealth is, of course, a different question and is a matter for consultation between all existing members of the Commonwealth."[1] This distinction reflected the view that full Commonwealth membership required the consent of all Commonwealth members. Ultimately, the attainment by Ghana of full Commonwealth membership was consented to unanimously by all of the Commonwealth's members.[1] This Commonwealth's agreement to this was announced by the United Kingdom prime minister on 21 February 1956. Letters patent constituting the office of the Governor-General of Ghana and royal instructions to the Governor General were issued on 23 February 1956 and became effective on 6 March 1956.[1] An Order in Council provided Ghana with its first constitution.
A group of chiefs in Ghana signed a treaty with the then British governor on 6 March 1844.[1] That treaty became known as the Bond. The Bond came to symbolise the sovereignty of local government of indigenous authorities. The 118th anniversary of the Bond was chosen as the date on which independence for Ghana within the Commonwealth would come into effect.[1]