Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
| Gorontalo–Mongondow | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi provinces, Sulawesi |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | goro1257 |
The Gorontalo–Mongondow languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Languages
The Gorontalo–Mongondow languages are divided into two branches:[1]
- Gorontalic: Bolango, Buol, Bintauna, Gorontalo, Kaidipang, Lolak, Suwawa
- Mongondowic: Mongondow, Ponosakan[2]
Classification
Similarites between Mongondow and the languages of the Philippines were already recognized in the first half of the 20th century.[3] Noorduyn (1982) presented phonological and morphological evidence for a close connection between Gorontalo and Mongondow,[4] while the full extent of the subgroup including all other Gorontalic languages was established by Usup (1986).[1] Blust (1991) has shown that the Gorontalo–Mongondow languages link up with many languages of the central and southern Philippines in the Greater Central Philippine subgroup.[5] The following table exemplifies the close relationship, listing Greater Central Philippine innovations which are found in Mongondow (representing the Gorontalo–Mongondow languages) and Tagalog (the northernmost member of the Greater Central Philippine subgroup):
| Mongondow | Tagalog | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| modaliʔ-daliʔ | madalíʔ | "quick" |
| modolom | madilím | "dark" |
| duguʔ | dugóʔ | "blood" |
| obuʔ | ubó | "cough" |
| pugad | púgad | "nest" |
| tapaʔ | sápaʔ | "brook" |
| tubig | túbig | "water" |
Reconstruction
The lexicon and phonology of Proto-Gorontalo-Mongondow has been reconstructed by Usup (1986).[1] Proto-Gorontalo-Mongondow pronouns have been reconstructed by Lobel (2011).[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Usup, Hunggu Tadjuddin. 1986. Rekonstruksi proto-bahasa Gorontalo-Mongondow. Doctoral dissertation. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
- ^ Moseley, Christopher (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1357-9640-2.
- ^ Esser, S.J. (1938). "Talen". Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Blad 9a. Batavia: Topografische Dienst.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. (1982). "Sound changes in the Gorontalo language". In Halim, A.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S.A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers. Pacific Linguistics, C-75. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 241–261.
- ^ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
- ^ Lobel, Jason (2011). "Pronominal Number in Mongondow-Gorontalo". Oceanic Linguistics. 50 (2). doi:10.1353/ol.2011.0029. JSTOR 41337067.
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