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Police brutality against Native Americans

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Police brutality is the abuse of authority by the unwarranted infliction of excessive force by personnel involved in law enforcement while performing their official duties. Police brutality can also include psychological harm through the use of intimidation tactics beyond the scope of officially sanctioned police procedure. In the United States, Native Americans (also known as American Indians) experience disproportionately high amounts of violence from law enforcement.

Prevalence

Native Americans ages 20–24, 25–34, and 35–44 are three of the five groups most likely to be killed by police (the others are Black people 20–24 and 25–34) making them more likely than any other racial group to be killed by police despite the fact that they only make up 1.2% of the population of the United States. Native Americans are 3.1 times more likely than white Americans to be killed by police.[1] Police brutality, especially killings, are underreported, however, because officer's frequently visually assess one's race and Native Americans are often mistaken for Black, White, or Hispanic.[2]

In a study of hate crimes and police violence against Native Americans, Silent Victims, Barbara Perry interviewed 278 Native Americans as well as non-Native service providers from eight tribes in seven states.[3] Her interviewees frequently reported "police misconduct … running the continuum from negligence to extreme forms of violence." She concluded that, "they can neither trust the police to respect their rights, nor to protect them when others violate their rights."[4]

Causes

Police brutality is often associated with racial profiling. When differences in race, religion, or socioeconomic status exist between police and the citizenry, some police officers may view the population (or a particular subset thereof) as generally deserving of punishment. Portions of the population may perceive the police to be oppressors. A 2001 study found that 30% of Native Americans agreed with the suggestion that police officers are honest (compared to 57% of whites and 15% of Black/African-Americans).[5] In addition, there is a perception that victims of police brutality often belong to relatively powerless groups, such as racial or cultural minorities, the disabled, and the poor. The issue of police brutality against Native Americans has deeply-rooted, historic causes.

Native Americans experience psychological distress such as depression and PTSD more than twice as often as the general population. Access to mental health services for Native Americans is limited.[6] As first respondents, police officers are often the ones who decide whether or not a person with a mental illness who is posing a threat to self or others is sent into the health care system or the criminal justice system. However officers receive a limited amount of psychiatric training and are not prepared to deal with those experiencing mental health crises. Only specialized mobile crisis teams, which are not present in all jurisdictions, are provided training on how to recognize and handle psychotic behavior as well as how to provide access to resources to someone who may be threatening violence or suicide. Intervention by police officers who are not trained or in jurisdictions where a specialized team is not available is less effective.[7] One fourth of people killed by police from January to June in the 2016 were experiencing a mental health crisis. Native Americans made up half of those deaths.[1]

The low proportion of Native Americans in the United States may contribute to a lack of media attention for cases of police brutality against them. Native Americans have an especially low urban presence, as one fifth of the population lives on reservations in the Midwest.[8] Media presence on reservations is low, which results in instances of police brutality against Native Americans going unrecorded.[2]

Effects

Native Americans are also incarcerated at disproportionately high rates. Native American men are admitted to prison at 4 times the rate of white men, and Native American women are admitted at 6 times the rate of white women. The number of Native Americans confined in jail is 4 times the national average and the number, per capita, confined to federal prisons is 38% above the national average.[9][10] Native American youth are also highly affected. 1% of United States youth are Native American, yet Native American youth make up 70% of youth committed to the Federal Bureau Prisons. Native American juveniles are also transferred to the adult system at 18.1 times the rate of white juveniles.[11] The rate at which Native Americans are over-criminalized and over-represented in incarceration rates is presented in two ways. The first is that they commit more crimes than whites and the second is that Native Americans are disparately treated by law enforcement officials and the judicial system.[12]

Specific cases

Marchers in Washington D.C. holding No DAPL signs

Individuals

In January 1994, two Native American men were arrested by Minneapolis police and they were placed in the trunk of a squad car. One man sustained injuries when the trunk was closed on his leg. Both men filed a lawsuit against the city of Minneapolis and each received $100,000.[13][14]

On November 15, 1997, a Native American man, arrested for public intoxication, was handcuffed, sprayed with a chemical irritant, and verbally assaulted by two Minneapolis officers. The man was then driven to the city line and left in the snow, with only a light jacket. The man received a settlement of $92,500 after filing a police brutality lawsuit.[13]

In April 2000, complaints were filed with the Bureau of Indian affairs, accusing the Wagner, South Dakota Police Chief of using excessive force in the arrest of a Native American woman. The chief allegedly threw the woman to the ground and yanked her up by the cuffs, cutting her wrists. The chief was not indicted and the case was closed in November 2000.[13][15]

On June 29, 2002, 20-year-old Joseph Finley Jr., who was Cherokee and Seminole, was shot fourteen times by a Cleveland police officer. The officer was off-duty at the time of the shooting and an excessive force lawsuit was filed. While the officer was not indicted, Finley's father received a settlement of $35,000 from the state.[13][16]

On March 27, 2016, a Navajo woman, Loreal Tsingine was shot in Winslow, Arizona by a police officer. The officer was responding to a report of shoplifting and when Tsingine threatened him with scissors, he shot her five times.[17] Tsingine's family filed a notice of claim against the city, alleging that the city ignored warning signs that the officer involved was a threat, due to a history of police misconduct.[18] The officer responsible resigned in October 2016.[19]

Standing Rock

In late 2016, instances of police brutality took place near the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, where Native Americans and allies were protesting the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline.[2] A lawsuit was filed against Morton County, Morton County's Sheriff, the city of Mandan North Dakota, Mandan's Police Chief, Stutsman County, and Stutsman County's Sheriff, alleging that an unjustified violent attack took place against peaceful protesters. The legal collective representing the Native Americans alleges that the use of "Specialty Impact Munitions, explosive blast grenades, other chemical agent devices, and water cannons and water hoses in freezing temperatures" is excessive force. Numerous protesters were injured, resulting in the hospitalization of over two dozen individuals.[20] In January 2017, militarized officers used tear gas and rubber bullets against unarmed protestors.[21] United Nations Special Rapporteur, Maini Kiai, told the United Nations that the detention of the protestors was inhumane because of over-crowding and no access to medical care.[22]

Advocacy

Native Lives Matter

The Native Lives Matter campaign was established in 2014 by Akicita Sunka-Wakan Ska (Troy Amlee) from the Cheyenne River and Standing Rock Sioux Tribes and JR Bobick from St. Paul, Minnesota.[23] The goal of the campaign is to bring social issues affecting Native Americans, such as police brutality, poverty, and mental health, into a national dialogue and rally for social justice reform.[24] The campaign uses social media platforms Facebook and Twitter to spread news about social justice issues Native Americans are facing as well as to build a community.[23]

According to the movement, ways to lessen and eventually cease police brutality against Native Americans include hiring a police force that better represents its service population in counties with a dense Native American population. This would allow for more cultural understanding and address racial issues that lead to police brutality.[25] Cultural healing programs would also lessen police brutality by addressing issues such as mental health, addiction, and poverty, as these things contribute to the high crime rates of reservations and police presence. These programs would require a reallocation of government resources.[25][26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Woodard, Stephanie (October 2016). "THE MOVEMENT FOR NATIVE LIVES". In These Times Chicago. ProQuest 1823388680.
  2. ^ a b c Koerth-Baker, Maggie (2016-12-02). "Police Violence Against Native Americans Goes Far Beyond Standing Rock". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  3. ^ Perry, Barbara (2008). Silent Victims: Hate Crimes Against Native Americans. University of Arizona Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780816525966.
  4. ^ Perry, Barbara (2008). Silent Victims: Hate Crimes Against Native Americans. University of Arizona Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780816525966.
  5. ^ Taylor, Terrance (Summer 2001). "Coppin' an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police". Journal of Criminal Justice. 29 (4): 295–305. doi:10.1016/S0047-2352(01)00089-7.
  6. ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2010). Mental health disparities: American Indians and Alaska Natives.
  7. ^ Lamb, Richard; Weinberger, Linda; DeCuir, Walter Jr. (2002). "The Police and Mental Health". Psychiatric Services. 53 (10): 1266–71. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.422.62. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1266. PMID 12364674.
  8. ^ Millet, Lydia (2015-10-13). "Native Lives Matter, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  9. ^ Hartney, Christopher; Vuong, Linh (March 2009). "Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal 2 Justice System" (PDF). National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
  10. ^ Donelan, Brenda (December 1999). "Unique Circumstances of Native American Juveniles Under Federal Supervision" (PDF). Federal Probation. 63: 68–71.
  11. ^ Cross, Terry (December 2009). "Native Americans and Juvenile Justice: A Hidden Tragedy". Poverty & Race.
  12. ^ Perry, Barbara (2009). Policing Race and Place in Indian Country: Over- and Under-enforcement. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739116135.
  13. ^ a b c d Smith, Andrea; LaDuke, Winona (2005). Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. South End Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0896087439.
  14. ^ "Shielded from Justice: Minneapolis: Incidents". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  15. ^ Humphrey, Kay (November 8, 2000). "Allegations of police brutality in Wagner under investigation - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  16. ^ Blackwell, Brandon (Feb 3, 2015). "Off-duty Cleveland police officer shoots man armed with pipe more than a dozen times: Forcing Change". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  17. ^ Jeong, Yihyun (July 27, 2016). "Winslow body-camera video shows fatal shooting". azcentral. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  18. ^ Jeong, Yihyun (July 1, 2016). "Tsingine's family files claim against Winslow, officer". azcentral. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  19. ^ Baca, Kim (November 3, 2016). "Officer Who Killed Loreal Tsingine Resigns Following Investigation - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  20. ^ Dundon v. Kirchmeier, Case No. 1:16-cv-406 (ND. 2016) https://www.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/TRO-Memo.pdf
  21. ^ Levin, Sam (2017-01-18). "Dakota Access pipeline activists say police have used 'excessive' force". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  22. ^ "OHCHR | Native Americans facing excessive force in North Dakota pipeline protests – UN expert". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  23. ^ a b Woodard, Stephanie (October 25, 2016). "Voices From the Movement for Native Lives". Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  24. ^ Fountain, Aaron (February 25, 2016). "Native Lives Matter goes beyond police brutality". Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  25. ^ a b Lakota People's Law Project. (February 2015). "Native Lives Matter Report."
  26. ^ Sarche, Michelle; Spicer, Paul (2008-01-01). "Poverty and Health Disparities for American Indian and Alaska Native Children: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1136 (1): 126–136. Bibcode:2008NYASA1136..126S. doi:10.1196/annals.1425.017. ISSN 0077-8923. PMC 2567901. PMID 18579879.
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