Bebop scale

The bebop scales are frequently used in jazz improvisation and are derived from the modes of the major scale, the melodic minor scale, and the harmonic minor scale. According to Corey Christiansen, "David Baker, one of the world's finest jazz educators, named these scales the 'bebop scales' because they were used so often by jazz artists from the Bebop Era. These artists include Charlie Christian, Charlie Parker, Lester Young, and Dizzy Gillespie, to name a few."^[1]

There are five types of frequently used bebop scales:

the bebop dominant scale
the bebop Dorian scale
the bebop major scale
the bebop melodic minor scale
the bebop harmonic minor scale

Each of these scales has an extra chromatic passing tone. In general, bebop scales consist of traditional scales with an added passing tone placed such that when the scale is begun on a chord tone and on the downbeat, all other chord tones will also fall on downbeats, with the remaining tones in the scale occurring on the upbeat (given that the scale is played ascending or descending; i.e., no intervallic skips are played).

As such, many heptatonic scales may be modified by the addition of an eighth passing tone to accomplish this same effect; however, the modifier "bebop" is reserved to indicate those scales most frequently used—and popularized—during the bebop era (and/or by modern practitioners of the bebop genre).

Bebop dominant scale

The bebop dominant scale is derived from the Mixolydian mode and has a chromatic passing tone between the 7th and the root.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Bebop dominant scale on C } d e f g a bes b! c } }$

It has all the notes in both the major scale and the Mixolydian scale of the same root. This scale is often used over dominant seventh chords and all extended dominant chords,^[2] and the II-V chord progressions. According to Michael Miller, "[w]hen someone says they're playing 'the bebop scale,' this is the one they're talking about."^[2]

Bebop Dorian scale

The bebop Dorian scale (also known as the bebop minor scale^[3]^[4]) is derived from the Dorian mode and has a chromatic passing tone between the minor 3rd and the perfect 4th.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Bebop Dorian scale on C } d es e f g a bes c } }$

It has all the notes in both the Dorian scale and the Mixolydian scale of the same root. It is the 5th mode of the bebop dominant scale.

A second form of the bebop Dorian scale features a major seventh bebop note between the dominant seventh and the tonic.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Alternate bebop Dorian scale on C } d es f g a bes b c } }$

The second style, featuring the major seventh, is generally used by guitar players for its accessibility when applied to traditional minor scale shapes (that is, it is simply easier for guitarists to play). However, many players and resources adhere to the traditional spelling of the scale.

Bebop major scale

The bebop major scale is derived from the Ionian mode (major scale) and has a chromatic passing tone between the 5th and 6th notes.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Bebop major scale on C } d e f g gis a b c } }$

This scale is often used over major sixth chords and major seventh chords.

Bebop melodic minor scale

The bebop melodic minor scale is derived from the ascending form of the melodic minor scale (jazz minor scale) and has a chromatic passing tone between the 5th and 6th notes.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Bebop melodic minor scale on C } d es f g gis a b c } }$

It has all the notes of both the ascending form of the melodic minor scale and the harmonic minor scale of the same root. This scale is often used over minor sixth chords.

These scales are listed in David N. Baker's books on bebop. They are also included, with the exception of the Dorian bebop scale, in Roni Ben-Hur's book Talk Jazz: A Comprehensive Collection of Bebop Studies, which is derived from the work of Barry Harris. Ben-Hur further elaborates on the concept of placing additional chromatic passing tones between other notes in the scales.

Bebop harmonic minor scale

The bebop harmonic minor scale (or bebop natural minor scale, as listed in Mark Levine's The Drop 2 Book) is derived from the harmonic minor scale and has a chromatic passing tone (an additional ♭7) between the 6th and the 7th notes.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 8/4 c4^\markup { Bebop harmonic minor scale on C } d es f g aes bes b c } }$

It contains all of the notes of both the harmonic minor scale and the natural minor scale (Aeolian mode) of the same root. It can be used on all three chords of a minor II-V-I progression. It is a mode of the bebop major scale: for instance, the C bebop harmonic minor scale has the same pitches as the E♭ bebop major scale.

Sources

^ Christiansen, Corey (2001). Mel Bay Jazz Scales for Guitar, p.48. ISBN 0-7866-5689-1.
^ ^a ^b Miller, Michael (2004). Complete Idiot's Guide to Solos and Improvisation, p.96. ISBN 1-59257-210-3.
^ http://online-musical-scales.com/index.php/bebop-minor-scales
^ http://pianoencyclopedia.com/scales/bebop-minor/C-bebop-minor.html

External links

The Bebop Scale Theory and Applications for Jazz Guitar
Bebop Line Building Jazz Lesson

[Christiansen-1] Christiansen, Corey (2001). Mel Bay Jazz Scales for Guitar, p.48. ISBN 0-7866-5689-1.

[Miller-2] Miller, Michael (2004). Complete Idiot's Guide to Solos and Improvisation, p.96. ISBN 1-59257-210-3.

[3] ttp://online-musical-scales.com/index.php/bebop-minor-scales

[4] ttp://pianoencyclopedia.com/scales/bebop-minor/C-bebop-minor.html

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