Thermoanaerobacterales

Thermoanaerobacterales
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Division:	Firmicutes
Class:	Clostridia Rainey 2010
Order:	Thermoanaerobacterales Wiegel 2010
Families and genera
Thermoanaerobacteraceae Wiegel 2010 Ammonifex Huber and Stetter 1996 emend. Miroshnichenko et al. 2008 Brockia Perevalova et al. 2013 Caldanaerobacter Fardeau et al. 2004 Caldanaerobius Lee et al. 2008 Calderihabitans Yoneda et al. 2013 Caloribacterium Slobodkina et al. 2012 Carboxydothermus Svetlichny et al. 1991 emend. Novikov et al. 2011 Desulfothermobacter Frolov et al. 2018 Desulfovirgula Kaksonen et al. 2007 Fervidicola Ogg and Patel 2009 Gelria Plugge et al. 2002 Moorella Collins et al. 1994 Tepidanaerobacter Sekiguchi et al. 2006 Thermacetogenium Hattori et al. 2000 Thermanaeromonas Mori et al. 2002 Thermoanaerobacter Wiegel and Ljungdahl 1982 emend. Lee et al. 2007 Thermodesulfitimonas Slobodkina et al. 2017 Thermodesulfobiaceae Mori et al. 2004 Thermodesulfobium Mori et al. 2004 Thermoanaerobacterales Family III. Incertae Sedis Caldanaerovirga Wagner et al. 2009 Caldicellulosiruptor Rainey et al. 1995 emend. Onyenwoke et al. 2006 Syntrophaceticus Westerholm et al. 2011 Thermoanaerobacterium Lee et al. 1993 emend. Cann et al. 2001 Thermosediminibacter Lee et al. 2006 Thermovenabulum Zavarzina et al. 2002 Thermovorax Mäkinen et al. 2012 Thermoanaerobacterales Family IV. Incertae Sedis Mahella Bonilla Salinas et al. 2004

The Thermoanaerobacterales is a polyphyletic order of bacteria placed within the polyphyletic class Clostridia, and encompassing four families: the Thermoanaerobacteraceae, the Thermodesulfobiaceae, the Thermoanaerobacterales Family III. Incertae Sedis, and the Thermoanaerobacterales Family IV. Incertae Sedis, and various unplaced genera.

This order is noted for the species' abilities to survive in extreme environments without oxygen and of relatively elevated temperatures for a living being (up to 80-90 °C). An example organism in this order is Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.

The Thermoanaerobacterales, as previously mentioned, is polyphyletic, and consists of over six morphologically and physiologically similar clades:

• Clostridium thermoamylolyticum ♠ Katkocin et al. 1985
• Gelria
• Caldicellulosiruptor
• Desulfovirgula thermocuniculi Kaksonen et al. 2007
• Thermanaeromonas toyohensis Mori et al. 2002
• Thermodesulfobiaceae
• Thermoanaerobacteraceae
• Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade I [incl. Fervidicola]

Tepidanaerobacter ?T. acetatoxydans ♠ Westerholm et al. 2011 T. syntrophicus Sekiguchi et al. 2006 (type sp.)  Thermovenabulum T. gondwanense Ogg et al. 2010 T. ferriorganovorum Zavarzina et al. 2002 (type sp.)  Thermosediminibacter T. litoriperuensis Lee et al. 2006 T. oceani Lee et al. 2006 (type sp.) Fervidicola ferrireducens Ogg and Patel 2009 Caldanaerovirga acetigignens Wagner et al. 2009 Thermovorax subterraneus Mäkinen et al. 2012

• Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade II

Moorella ?M. perchloratireducens ♠ Balk et al. 2008 M. thermoacetica (Fontaine et al. 1942) Collins et al. 1994 (type sp.) M. thermoautotrophica (Wiegel et al. 1982) Collins et al. 1994 M. humiferrea Nepomnyashchaya et al. 2012 M. glycerini Slobodkin et al. 1997 M. mulderi Balk et al. 2005 Syntrophaceticus schinkii Westerholm et al. 2011 Thermacetogenium phaeum Hattori et al. 2000 Carboxydothermus C. pertinax Yoneda et al. 2012 C. islandicus Novikov et al. 2011 C. siderophilus Slepova et al. 2009 C. ferrireducens (Slobodkin et al. 1997) Slobodkin et al. 2006 C. hydrogenoformans Svetlichny et al. 1991 (type sp.)

• Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade III [incl. Thermohydrogenium]

Mahella australiensis Bonilla Salinas et al. 2004  Caldanaerobius C. fijiensis Lee et al. 2008 (type sp.) C. polysaccharolyticus (Cann et al. 2001) Lee et al. 2008 C. zeae (Cann et al. 2001) Lee et al. 2008 Caloribacterium cisternae Slobodkina et al. 2012 Thermoanaerobacterium ?T. bryantii ♠ Stroot et al. 2002 ?T. islandicum ♠ Orlygsson & Baldursson 2006 T. aotearoense Liu et al. 1996 T. thermostercoris Romano et al. 2011 T. thermosaccharolyticum (McClung 1935) Collins et al. 1994 Thermohydrogenium kirishiense Zacharova et al. 1996 T. aciditolerans Kublanov et al. 2007 T. saccharolyticum Lee et al. 1993 T. thermosulfurigenes (Schink and Zeikus 1983) Lee et al. 1993 (type sp.) T. xylanolyticum Lee et al. 1993

Notes:
♣ International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM) published species that are in press.
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).