Western Great Lakes forests
| Western Great Lakes forests | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Nearctic |
| Biome | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests |
| Borders | |
| Bird species | [1] |
| Mammal species | [1] |
| Geography | |
| Area | 274,000 km2 (106,000 sq mi) |
| Countries | |
| States/Provinces | |
The Western Great Lakes forests is a terrestrial ecoregion as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It is within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of North America, in the United States' states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba.
Setting
The Western Great Lakes forests, in large part, lie in the northwestern Great Lakes Basin near the shores of Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, including the entire Upper peninsula of Michigan and large parts of Northern Wisconsin, around Lake Superior into much of northern Minnesota and a smaller section into Canada. In the west, the ecoregion surrounds the lakes and rivers that divide Minnesota from Ontario, including Lake of the Woods and Rainy River, and it extends near the Winnipeg River into southeastern Manitoba.[2]
This region has warm summers and cold, snowy winters. This region is generally similar in climate and condition to the Eastern forest-boreal transition to its east, except that it is generally somewhat drier (the prevailing winds blow west to east and drier air from the plains comes here first before it picks up moisture over the lakes) and, especially in its southern and central areas, its soil is much thicker and less acidic, which makes for more varied vegetation.[3]
Flora
This ecoregion is a transition area between the taiga (Boreal forest) to the north and the temperate deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie to the south and west and thus contains a variety of habitats including northern coniferous forests, northern hardwood forest, boreal hardwood-conifer forest, swamp forest, and peatland, in addition to freshwater marshes, bogs, fens, and hardwood river basins and conifer swamps, and large hardwood and conifer stands. Trees of the woodland include white pine and red pine (Pinus resinosa) with paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and aspen, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests, red pine, oak (Quercus spp.), and hazel (Corylus cornuta). "Common species of the northern hardwoods include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), basswood (Tilia americana), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)" and Northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis).[4]
Fauna
The Western Great Lakes forests are very rich in wildlife. Wildlife "include moose (Alces alces), black bear (Ursus americanus), wolf (Canis lupus), lynx (Lynx canadensis), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and woodchuck (Marmota monax). Bird species include ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), bald eagle (Haleaeetus leucocephalus), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), herring gull (Larus argentatus), and waterfowl. American black duck (Anas rubripes) and wood duck (Aix sponsa) occur in the eastern part of the ecoregion." [4]
Threats and use
While the area does now have large protected sections, historically logging (especially of pine wood) has changed many sections and continues today. Agricultural development, especially orchards in Lower Michigan has also reduced the habitat. In addition, the establishment of roads and lakeside homes significantly impacts the forests.
Protected areas
Large protected areas of the Western Great Lakes forests include:
- Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota
- Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario - 4,758.19 km2
- Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota
- Isle Royale National Park, northern Michigan
- Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, northern Wisconsin
- Porcupine Mountains State Park - northern Michigan
- Turtle River Waterway Provincial Park - northwestern Ontario- 400.52 km2
- La Verendrye Provincial Waterway Park - northwestern Ontario - 183.35 km2
- Whiteshell Provincial Park - Manitoba (Backcountry zones) - 913 km2
- Nopiming Provincial Park - Manitoba (Backcountry zones) - 316 km2
- Lake of the Woods Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario - 129 km2
- Lola Lake Provincial Nature Reserve, northwestern Ontario - 65.72 km2
- Sandbar Lake Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario - 50.83 km2
- Winnange Lake Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario - 47.45 km2
- Portions of the United States National Forests (Wilderness Areas, RNAs, etc.) also provide protection (see e.g. Superior National Forest, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest)[4]
See also
References and external links
- ^ a b c d Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
- ^ "Western Great Lakes forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ Grady, Wayne (2007). The Great Lakes. Vancouver: Greystone Books and David Suzuki Foundation. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-55365-197-0.
- ^ a b c "Western Great Lakes forests - Ecoregions - WWF". World Wildlife Fund.
- "Western Great Lakes Forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Western Great Lakes forests". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
- Western Great Lakes forests.vanderbilt.edu
- Species finder WWF