Rubus spectabilis
| Salmonberry | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rubus |
| Species: | R. spectabilis
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| Binomial name | |
| Rubus spectabilis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of brambles in the rose family, native to the west coast of North America from west central Alaska to California, inland as far as Idaho.[2][3][4]
Description
Rubus spectabilis is a shrub growing to 1–4 m (40–160 inches or 1.3–13.3 feet) tall, with perennial, not biennial woody stems that are covered with fine prickles. The leaves are trifoliate (with three leaflets), 7–22 cm (2.8–8.8 inches) long, the terminal leaflet larger than the two side leaflets. The leaf margins are toothed. The flowers are 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 inches) in diameter, with five pinkish-purple petals; they are produced from early spring to early summer. The berries ripen from early May to late July in most of the Pacific Northwest (later in cooler climates), and resembles a large shiny yellow to orange-red blackberry 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 inches) long with many drupelets.[5][6] These are eaten by many birds and other animals.[7]
Salmonberries are found in moist forests and stream margins, especially in the coastal forests. In open areas they often form large thickets, and thrive in the open spaces under stands of red alder (Alnus rubra).
Cultivation and uses
Salmonberries are edible and share the fruit structure of the raspberry, with the fruit pulling away from its receptacle. The fruit has been referred to as "insipid",[8] but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. Native American people and early explorers also ate the young shoots.[9] Traditionally, the berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content.[8]
It is widely grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers. A double-flowered form was discovered at the mouth of the Duckabush River, Jefferson County, Washington, around May 1, 1961, by Dr. R. C. Creelman of Bremerton, Washington. This has been given the cultivar name 'Olympic Double' or 'Olympic'. [10][11][12] Another double salmonberry was found by Phyllis Munday of Vancouver, British Columbia, but neither the date nor the site has been determined.[citation needed] This double may be confused in gardens with 'Olympic Double'.[citation needed]
It has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in parts of northwestern Europe, including Great Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands.[13][14]
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Each flower has 75 to 100 stamens -
Foliage -
Mature fruit in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest -
Colander of salmonberries -
Salmonberry fruit in Unalaska (Dutch Harbor), Alaska
_at_Dutch_Harbor,_Alaska_USA.jpg)
References
- ^ a b The Plant List, Rubus spectabilis
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ^ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, salmon berry, salmonberry
- ^ "Plants of British Columbia: Rubus spectabilis". Linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
- ^ "Jepson Flora: Rubus spectabilis". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
- ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-394-73127-8.
- ^ a b Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (2004). Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5.
- ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 88.
- ^ Mosquin, Daniel (2007-04-23). "Rubus spectabilis Double-Flowered Group - Botany Photo of the Day". Botanicalgarden.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
- ^ Mulligan, Brian O. (1977). Woody Plants in the University of Washington Arboretum, Washington Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.
- ^ Mulligan, Brian O. (1963). Accession records of the University of Washington Arboretum
- ^ Inland Fisheries Ireland. "Risk Assessment of Rubus spectabilis" (PDF). nonnativespecies.ie. National Biodiversity Data Centre. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ Højgaard, A. et al., eds. (1989). A century of tree-planting in the Faroe Islands. Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn.
External links
Media related to Rubus spectabilis at Wikimedia Commons- Czech Botany, Rubus spectabilis Pursh – ostružiník / ostružina in Czech with color photos of flowers, fruits, and leaves
- Plants for a Future
- US National Forest Service, Index of Species Information
- University of Washington plant data sheet
- USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rubus spectabilis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
