Video content analysis
Video content analysis (also video content analytics, VCA) is the capability of automatically analyzing video to detect and determine temporal and spatial events.
This technical capability is used in a wide range of domains including entertainment,[1] video retrieval and video browsing,[2] health-care, retail, automotive, transport, home automation, flame and smoke detection, safety and security.[3] The algorithms can be implemented as software on general purpose machines, or as hardware in specialized video processing units.
Many different functionalities can be implemented in VCA. Video Motion Detection is one of the simpler forms where motion is detected with regard to a fixed background scene. More advanced functionalities include video tracking and egomotion estimation.
Based on the internal representation that VCA generates in the machine, it is possible to build other functionalities, such as identification, behavior analysis or other forms of situation awareness.
VCA relies on good input video, so it is often combined with video enhancement technologies such as video denoising, image stabilization, unsharp masking and super-resolution.
Functionalities
Several articles provide an overview of the modules involved in the development of video analytic applications.[4][5] This is a list of known functionalities and a short description.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Dynamic masking | Blocking a part of the video signal based on the signal itself, for example because of privacy concerns. |
| Flame and smoke detection | IP cameras with intelligent video surveillance technology can be used to detect flame and smoke in 15–20 seconds or even less because of the built-in DSP chip. The chip processes algorithms that analyzes the videos captured for flame and smoke characteristics such as color chrominance, flickering ratio, shape, pattern and moving direction. |
| Egomotion estimation | Egomotion estimation is used to determine the location of a camera by analyzing its output signal. |
| Motion detection | Motion detection is used to determine the presence of relevant motion in the observed scene. |
| Shape recognition | Shape recognition is used to recognize shapes in the input video, for example circles or squares. This functionality is typically used in more advanced functionalities such as object detection. |
| Object detection | Object detection is used to determine the presence of a type of object or entity, for example a person or car. Other examples include fire and smoke detection. |
| Recognition | Face recognition and Automatic Number Plate Recognition are used to recognize, and therefore possibly identify, persons or cars. |
| Style detection | Style detection is used in settings where the video signal has been produced, for example for television broadcast. Style detection detects the style of the production process.[6] |
| Tamper detection | Tamper detection is used to determine whether the camera or output signal is tampered with. |
| Video tracking | Video tracking is used to determine the location of persons or objects in the video signal, possibly with regard to an external reference grid. |
| Video error level analysis | Video scene content tamper analysis using free software. Video Error level analysis (VELA) |
| Object co-segmentation | Joint object discovery, classification and segmentation of targets in one or multiple related video sequences |
Commercial applications
VCA is a new technology. New applications are frequently found, however the track record of different types of VCA differs widely. Functionalities such as motion detection and people counting and gun detection are believed to be available as commercial off-the-shelf products with a decent track-record, even freeware such as dsprobotics Flowstone can handle movement and color analysis.
In many domains VCA is implemented on CCTV systems, either distributed on the cameras (at-the-edge) or centralized on dedicated processing systems. Video Analytics and Smart CCTV are commercial terms for VCA in the security domain. In the UK the BSIA has developed an introduction guide for VCA in the security domain.[7] In addition to video analytics and to complement it, audio analytics can also be used.[8]
Independent video management software manufacturers are constantly expanding the range of the video analytics modules available. With the new suspect tracking technology, it is then possible to track all of this subject's movements easily: where they came from, and when, where, and how they moved. Within a particular surveillance system, the indexing technology is able to locate people with similar features who were within the cameras’ viewpoints during or within a specific period of time. Usually, the system finds a lot of different people with similar features and presents them in the form of snapshots. The operator only needs to click on those images and subjects which need to be tracked. Within a minute or so, it’s possible to track all the movements of a particular person, and even to create a step-by-step video of the movements.
Kinect is an add-on peripheral for the Xbox 360 gaming console that uses VCA for part of the user input.[9]
In retail industry, VCA is used to track shoppers inside the store.[10] By this way, a heatmap of the store can be obtained, which is beneficial for store design and marketing optimisations.
The quality of VCA in the commercial setting is difficult to determine. It depends on many variables such as use case, implementation, system configuration and computing platform. Typical methods to get an objective idea of the quality in commercial settings include independent benchmarking[11] and designated test locations.
VCA has been used for crowd management purposes, notably at The O2 Arena in London and The London Eye.
Law enforcement
Police and forensic scientists analyse CCTV video when investigating criminal activity. Police use software, such as Kinesense, which performs video content analysis to search for key events in video and find suspects. Surveys have shown that up to 75% of cases involve CCTV. Police use video content analysis software to search long videos for important events.[12][13]
Academic research
Video content analysis is a subset of computer vision and thereby of artificial intelligence. Two major academic benchmark initiatives are TRECVID,[14] which uses a small portion of i-LIDS video footage, and the PETS Benchmark Data.[15] They focus on functionalities such as tracking, left luggage detection and virtual fencing. Benchmark video datasets such as the UCF101[16] enables action recognition researches incorporating temporal and spatial visual attention with convolutional neural network and long short-term memory. Video analysis software is also being paired with footage from body-worn and dashboard cameras in order to more easily redact footage for public disclosure and to identify events and people in videos.[17]
The EU is funding a FP7 project called P-REACT [18] to integrate video content analytics on embedded systems with police and transport security databases.[19]
See also
- Activity recognition
- Artificial intelligence for video surveillance
- Forensic video analysis
- Object co-segmentation
- Structure from motion
- Video browsing
- Video motion analysis
- Video processing
References
- ^ KINECT Archived September 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, add-on peripheral for the Xbox 360 console
- ^ Dimitrova, Nevenka, et al. "Applications of video-content analysis and retrieval." IEEE multimedia 9.3 (2002): 42-55.
- ^ VCA usage increase in British Security, BSIA report
- ^ Nik Gagvani, Introduction to Video Analytics
- ^ Cheng Peng, Video Analytics
- ^ Style detection, Cees G.M. Snoek et al., Detection of TV news monologues by style analysis, ICME'04
- ^ British Industry VCA Guide, 262 An Introduction to Video Content Analysis Industry Guide
- ^ UK based startup that provides audio analytics into the CCTV industry
- ^ "Project Natal 101". Microsoft. 2009-06-01. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
- ^ "Heat map Intelligent module".
- ^ i-Lids, Benchmarking initiative by the UK Home Office
- ^ "Northgate offers police forces improved CCTV analysis system". Retrieved 29 Dec 2015.
- ^ "Northgate teams with Dublin tech firm Kinesense to help police video analysis". Risk Manager Online. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ TRECVID, Academic benchmark initiative by NIST
- ^ PETS Benchmark Data, Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Surveillance (PETS) by University of Reading
- ^ Center, UCF (2013-10-17). "UCF101 – Action Recognition Data Set". CRCV. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
- ^ "Police Body Cameras Will Do More Than Just Record You | Fast Company | The Future Of Business". Fast Company. 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ P-REACT Project Website
- ^ "Kinesense launches P-REACT, an FP7 project against Petty Crime". Retrieved 27 May 2014.