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Carl Marzani

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Carl Aldo Marzani (4 March 1912 – 11 December 1994) was an Italian-born American political activist and publisher. He was a Communist Party organizer, volunteer soldier in the Spanish Civil War, United States federal intelligence official, documentary filmmaker, author, and publisher. During World War II he served in the federal intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and later the U.S. Department of State. He picked the targets for the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, which took place on April 18, 1942. Marzani served nearly three years in prison for having concealed his Communist Party USA (CPUSA) membership while in the OSS.[1][2]

Background

Carl Aldo Marzani was born on March 4, 1912, in Rome, Italy.[3] The family emigrated to the United States in 1924 and settled in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Carl entered the first grade at the age of twelve, not knowing English. He graduated from high school in 1931 with a scholarship to Williams College. There, Marzani became a socialist and joined the League for Industrial Democracy. He began writing and became the editor of the school's literary magazine. In 1935, he graduated summa cum laude from Williams College with a BA in English. Marzani thereupon moved to New York. In 1936 he received a Moody fellowship to Oxford University.[1]

Career

When the Spanish Civil War broke out Marzani traveled to Spain to volunteer for the Republican army. He commanded troops the Durruti Column, a unit of the anarchist wing of the Republican forces, during late 1936 and early 1937. He soon resumed university studies and in June 1938 Marzani received a BA in Modern Greats, Philosophy, Politics and Economics from Oxford. The former anarchist supporter underwent a radical change in his ideology, joining the British Communist Party and serving as its treasurer of the South Midlands district. In the summer of 1938, Marzani traveled around the world, visiting India, Indochina, China, Japan, and Europe, using Communist Party contacts to meet Jawaharlal Nehru and others.[citation needed]

After their world tour, the Marzanis returned to the United States and went on relief, the New Deal term for government assistance and welfare. Eventually they got government paid jobs with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) while at the same time joining the CPUSA under false identities. Marzani joined the CPUSA 23 August 1939, on the day the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed. As a WPA instructor at New York University, as served as district Organizer for the Communist Party on the Lower East Side of New York. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in mid 1941, Marzani became director of a popular front anti-fascist organization, and resigned from the Communist party in August 1941.[citation needed]

In early 1942 after the United States became involved in World War II, Marzani joined the OSS, the predecessor organization of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Marzani worked under Colonel William J. Donovan from 1942 to 1945 in the Analysis Branch. A 1943 Venona Project decryption of Soviet espionage cable traffic reported on an American code-named Kollega ("Colleage"), recruited by Eugene Dennis, who later became CPUSA General Secretary. The message described Kollega as working at the "Photographic Section Pictural Devision" (sic), interpreted by the U.S. analysts as "probably the Pictures Division of the News and Features Bureau of the Office of War Information" (OWI).[4] Several authors have speculated that Kollega was Marzani,[5][6] though it has been disputed.[7] In 1945 Marzani transferred to the Department of State, where he worked as the Deputy Chief of the Presentation Division of the Office of Intelligence. Marzani handled the preparation of top secret reports.[citation needed]

In 1946 Marzani founded and directed Union Films, a film documentary company that had contracts with the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE) and other unions to do documentaries. One film entitled Deadline for Action, was released in September 1946, five weeks before Marzani resigned from the State Department. The film "severely criticized powerful corporations such as General Electric and Westinghouse," whose workers the UE had organized.[2]

In January 1947 Marzani was indicted for defrauding the government by receiving government pay while concealing CPUSA membership. He was convicted on 22 June 1947, but nine counts were overturned on appeal, while the Supreme Court split 4-4 on a rare rehearing of the last two charges. Marzani served all but four months of a thirty-six-month sentence.[citation needed]

In January 1947Marzani was indicted, tried, convicted and sentenced for having made false and fraudulent statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of an agency of the United States Government in violation of Section 80 of Title 18 of the United States Code Annotated. Arthur Garfield Hays represented Marzani pro hac vice with Allan R. Rosenberg with Charles E. Ford and Warren L. Sharfman, while Belford V. Lawson Jr. filed a brief on behalf of the National Lawyers Guild and Joseph Forer filed a brief on behalf of the Civil Rights Congress as amicus curiae urging reversal. From the judgment of the District Court he appealed.[8]

In July 1947, Emile Despres vouched for Marzani's loyalty.[9] In August 1947, Despres again "testified emphatically" for his loyalty before the House Committee on Un-American Activities.[10]

In December 1947, TIME magazine reported Marzani among other "unwelcome guests" to speak at six US colleges, whether "Republicans, Democrats, Communists, Buchmanites, Zoroastrians, or ecdysiasts." The article mentioned Gerhart Eisler and Marzani ("dismissed by the State Department for concealing his Communist card") together and that it was the University of Wisconsin which had barred him.[11]

In his 1950 book Men Without Faces, ex-communist government informant Louis F. Budenz claimed Marzani was "known sometimes by the name Tony Wales in party circles."[12]

Marzani served time in the Lewisburg Penitentiary with former HUAC chairman J. Parnell Thomas (but does not mention his more famous fellow inmate Alger Hiss.) In prison, Marzani began work on a book blaming President Harry S. Truman for starting the Cold War. Caught attempting to smuggle a manuscript out of prison in 1950, he was placed in solitary confinement for seven months. The book was published in 1952 as We Can Be Friends: Origins of the Cold War.[13]

Union Films went out of business during his stay in prison. After his release in 1951, Marzani edited UE Steward for the United Electrical Workers until 1954. The same year he joined Cameron Associates and partnered with Angus Cameron to run Liberty Book Club. Liberty Book Club eventually became Marzani & Munsell which operated the Library-Prometheus Book Club. In this phase of his career Marzani was a contact for the Soviet secret police agency, the KGB, and the KGB subsidized his publishing house in the 1960s, according to allegations made in 1994 by Oleg Kalugin, a retired KGB officer.[citation needed]

Marzani was one of the interviewees in Vivian Gornick's 1977 book, The romance of American communism. Like the other interviewees, Marzani was concealed by a pseudonym; his was "Eric Lanzetti".[14][15]

Personal life and death

In 1935, Marzani married his first wife, Edith Eisner, an actress whose stage name was Edith Emerson; they divorced. By 1938, he had married Charlotte Pomerantz, daughter of well-known communist-affiliated lawyer Abraham Pomerantz. He had two daughters and two sons.[1]

Carl Marzani died age 82 on December 11, 1994, in Manhattan.[1]

Works

Marzani wrote three books of memoirs.[1]

In an introduction to We Can Be Friends dated August 17, 1952, W.E.B. DuBois wrote:

The unquestioned desire of the American people for peace can be translated into action only by basic knowledge of how the present crisis has come about and how Roosevelt's peace policy became the Cold War. This book brings the reader undisputed proof of Truman's apostacy to the New Deal; of Churchill's machiavellian plans against the Soviet Union and of the sinister roles of Forrestal, Harriman, Dulles, Byrnes and Vandenberg, and of the murderous conspiracy which started the Korean War.[13]

In later years, Marzani seems to have moved away from his Old Left roots. In 1972 he authored Wounded Earth,[16] a well-respected book on environmental matters, at that time an unusual interest for a man associated with orthodox Marxism. In a 1976 article for the periodical In These Times,[17] he spoke respectfully of the Club of Rome, a think-tank formed by a group of Italian industrialists in 1968 ; "it is a highly sophisticated group, the most thoughtful representatives of European capitalism". In a note appended to the article he commented "I have only two claims to fame : that I was the first political prisoner of the Cold War and that I wrote the first revisionist history of it." He continued to proclaim his newfound revisionism in his 1981 book The Promise of Eurocommunism.[18]

  • We Can Be Friends (1952)[13]
  • Wounded Earth (1972)
  • "Towards Eurocapitalism," In These Times (December 1976)

Books published by Marzani & Munsell:

  • A Quarter-Century of Un-Americana (1963)[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Carl Marzani, 82, 'Loyalty' Case Defendant, Dies". The New York Times. December 14, 1994.
  2. ^ a b Musser, Charles (2009). "Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53" (PDF). The Moving Image. University of Minnesota Press: 104–160, 114-115 (Deadline for Action). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  3. ^ Kimball, W. (2016). America Unbound: World War II and the Making of a Superpower. Springer. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-137-06963-4.
  4. ^ Garbled status reports of several agents 8 June 1943 (Release2) Archived 23 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, in Venona Documents, June 1943 Archived December 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Declassification Initiatives of the National Security Agency, posted January 15, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  5. ^ Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. Yale, 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  6. ^ The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors by Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. Regnery, 2001. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  7. ^ "They Led Two Lives", book review by Maurice Isserman. New York Times, May 9, 1999. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  8. ^ "Marzani v. United States, 168 F.2d 133 (D.C. Cir. 1948)". Justia US Law. 21 June 1948. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  9. ^ "Testimony on the Papers of Harry Dexter White: Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments". US GPO. 30 August 1955. pp. 28 (citing Washington Star page 2A). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  10. ^ "Testimony on the Papers of Harry Dexter White: Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments". US GPO. 30 August 1955. pp. 28 (citing HUAC hearing and page 627). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  11. ^ "Education: Unwelcome Guests". Time. 22 December 1947. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  12. ^ Budenz, Louis F. (1950). Men Without Faces: The Communist Conspiracy in the USA. Harper and Row. p. 252. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  13. ^ a b c Marzani, Carl (August 1952). We Can Be Friends: Origins of the Cold War. Topical Books Publishers. pp. 7 (introduction), 14 (jail with Thomas). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  14. ^ Cannistraro and Meyer 2003:71
  15. ^ Terrill 1978
  16. ^ Carl Marzani – Wounded Earth – Addison Wesley, 1972
  17. ^ Carl Marzani – Towards Eurocapitalism (article) – In These Times – 6–12 December 1976
  18. ^ Carl Marzani – The Promise of Eurocommunism – Lawrence Hill – 1981
  19. ^ Braden, Anne (1963). House Un-American Activities Committee: Bulwark of Segregation (PDF). Marzani & Munsell. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

Further reading

  • Cannistraro, Philip V. and Gerald Meyer. 2003. The lost world of Italian American radicalism. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Marzani, Carl Aldo – BOPNO HQ-0770023443. (file on Marzani)
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Marzani, Carl Aldo – BOPNO HQ-0870144622. (file on Marzani)
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Marzani, Carl Aldo – BOPNO HQ-1000345490. (file on Marzani)
  • Haynes, John Earl and Harvey Klehr. 1999. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press.
  • Kalugin, Oleg with Fen Montaigne. 1994. The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Marzani, Carl. 1995. The Education of a Reluctant Radical, books 1 to 4. New York: Topical Books, 1992–1995. Book 1: Roman Childhood (1992); Book 2: Growing Up American (1993); Book 3, Spain, Munich and Dying Empires (1994); Book 4: From Pentagon to Penitentiary (1995).
  • Gettleman, Marvin E. 1978. Review of Vivian Gornick, The romance of American communism. The American Historical Review, December 1978, 83(5):1360–1361.
This article is part of the
Venona
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History of Soviet espionage in the United States
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