Chûn Castle
 Entrance to Chûn Castle | |
  Shown within Cornwall | |
| Type | hill fort |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Periods | Iron Age |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1895, 1925, 1927 and 1930 |
Chûn Castle is a large Iron Age hillfort (ringfort) near Penzance in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.[1] The fort was built about 2,500 years ago, and fell into disuse until the early centuries AD when it was possibly re-occupied to protect the nearby tin mines. It stands beside a prehistoric trackway that was formerly known as the Old St Ives Road and the Tinners’ Way. The name Chûn derives from Cornish: Chi an Woon[2] (‘the house on the downs’[3]). The area is now sometimes known as Chûn Downs.[3]
Description
Edward Lluyd made a plan of this fort in around 1700, remarking that its structure and security showed, "military knowledge superior to that of any other works of this kind which I have seen in Cornwall". What is of note is the fact that the fort has a strategic inner and outer wall and ditch. The remains today are still clearly visible despite the fact that the once twenty-feet-odd walls now stand at around five feet due to its use in the 19th century as a quarry for buildings in Penzance and Madron. The freehold of the land beneath part of the castle was put up for auction in April 1883 as part of freehold tenement of Little Bosullow. Included was large quantities of good building stone.[4]
The fort was excavated in 1895, 1925, 1927 and 1930. Much pottery was uncovered, the earliest dating to the 4th century BC due to its similarity to known Breton pottery of that age. However, it is possible that the fort was built upon a much older structure. Chûn Quoit, around 800 feet to the west, is dated to around 2400BC. It is believed that the fort fell into disuse around the first century AD but was reoccupied and modified several centuries later, until the 6th century. However, occupation may also date to the later Roman period.[5]
The purpose of the fort is speculated to be for protection of tin and copper gathered in the tin-rich locality of what is now Pendeen, with its Geevor Tin Mine, and surrounding villages. Iron and tin slags were found within the castle, near the well. It overlooks many miles of ocean, the Celtic Sea, to the north, and overlooks the only land route to this peninsula (West Penwith) to the south. Therefore, not only its structure but its location suggest a much more actively militaristic function.
The well, within the inner walls, is of note as it once had a stairway leading to the water, water which remains to this day even during dry spells. Locals used the well water until the 1940s for domestic purposes and some for superstitious reasons, viz. the endowment of perpetual youth. Neopagans still make pilgrimages to the site on religiously significant days.
See also
References
- ^ Craig Weatherhill Cornovia: Ancient Sites of Cornwall & Scilly (Alison Hodge 1985; Halsgrove 1997, 2000)
- ^ "List of place-names (in the Standard Written Form)". Cornish Language Partnership Signage Panel. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ a b "Chûn Downs Nature Reserve". Cornwall Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Chi an Woon is the 2008 Standard Written Form; it was also written Chy-an-Woone. The same name appears in English as Chywoon, Chywonn, and Chywoone in the names of some minor localities elsewhere in Cornwell.[1] Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Woon is a modified form of goon, meaning ‘down, moor, moorland.’[2] Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "Desirable Freehold Lands, In Madron For Sale". The Cornishman. No. 249. 19 April 1883. p. 1.
- ^ Historic England. "Chun Castle (424235)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 27 April 2019.
External links
