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The Concrete Herald
The Voice of the Upper Skagit Valley
Typemonthly[note 1]
FormatTabloid[1]
Founder(s)F.J. Wilcox[3]
PublisherJason Miller[1]
EditorJason Miller[1][4]
FoundedNovember 23, 1901; 123 years ago (1901-11-23)[3]
Political alignmentRepublican 1901–1919 and 1946–1953; Independent 1920–1945 and 1954–1986;[note 2]
LanguageEnglish
Ceased publication1991
Relaunched2009[4]
Headquarters137 Main St.[1]
CityConcrete, Washington
CountryUnited States
Circulation1700 (as of 2016)[1]
ReadershipSkagit County
OCLC number14574917
Websitewww.concrete-herald.com

The Concrete Herald is a newspaper serving the community of Skagit County in Washington state. The newspaper received multiple awards from Washington Newspaper Publishers' Association, Washington State Press Club, and from other state and local organizations. Herald's publications commenced various public projects in the area and played the key role in fighting the industrial pollution in Concrete, Washington. The newspaper serves as a cohesive element for the community of the Upper Skagit Valley. The Concrete Herald was published as a weekly newspaper from 1901 to 1991, then relaunched as a monthly[note 1] publication in 2009.

The Concrete Herald was founded in Hamilton, Washington in 1901, then moved to Concrete, Washington in 1913. After changing its owners and editors several times, the newspaper entered a 40-year period of stability when from 1929 to 1970 it was owned and edited by Charles Dwelley. During this period, as Dwelley's editorials were picked up by other publications and quoted nationwide, the Herald's recognition and subscription base expanded beyond Concrete, into Skagit Valley. After Dwelley's retirement, The Concrete Herald was purchased by Robert and June Fader, both experienced journalists. However, after Robert's premature death in 1985, and June's retirement in late 1989, the Herald was purchased by a local businessman unconnected to publishing business which led to the newspaper's demise in 1991. In 2009, after raising money within local community, local activist Jason Miller has revived The Concrete Herald in both paper and electronic form in a move that surprised the publishing industry.

History

Prior to the Great Depression

August 1914 issue, edited by Hans Bratlie
August 1921 issue, edited by G.L. Leonard

The newspaper was founded on November 23, 1901 by F.J. Wilcox under the name The Hamilton Herald in Hamilton, Washington. Wilcox envisioned rapid industrial development of Skagit Valley analogous to the development of the industrial region of Pittsburgh.[5] As of 1902, the newspaper was published every Saturday on four pages and proclaimed Republican political affiliation.[6] The industrialization of Skagit County fell below Wilcox's expectations, and in 1904 he sold the newspaper to an immigrant from Norway, Hans J. Bratlie who became its owner and editor.[3][7] From the paper's inception, its yearly subscription price remained $1.00,[8] but by 1910 Bratlie raised it to $1.50.[9]

Bratlie operated the newspaper in Hamilton until 1913 when he moved it to Concrete, Washington and renamed The Concrete Herald.[10][11] At that time, Concrete population was growing rapidly boosted by the two recently established Portland cement plants. Another weekly newspaper Concrete Enterprise was already operating in Concrete since 1908. Its editor and owner was a secretary of Washington Newspaper Association, Louis L. Jacobin. The Enterprise also had a Republican affiliation, and its yearly subscription was priced at $1.00.[12]

Bratlie lowered Concrete Herald's subscription price to $1.00 and increased its size to six pages.[11] In turn, Jacobin has re-branded his paper as Skagit Valley Enterprise[13] then as Skagit Valley News.[14][15] The relationship between the two editors deteriorated into a feud.[16]

By the end of 1914, both editors were seeking change. Planning his retirement, Bratlie invited Ralph J. Benjamin to edit and invest into The Concrete Herald with an option to purchase the controlling stake in the paper. On March 9, 1915,[note 3] however, the newspaper's three-story wooden building and most of its equipment were destroyed by a fire,[19] and Benjamin had to abandon the paper, losing his investment.[21] Bratlie suffered a loss that according to different accounts amounted from $7,000 to $9,000, but saved the paper, salvaged one Linotype machine that survived the fire, and continued publishing,[22] installing W.J.S. Gordon[23] (and later M.G. Flower[24]) as temporary editors.

Meanwhile, the relationship between the competing editor, Jacobin, and Bratlie's failed replacement, Benjamin, did not go well either.[16] Jacobin reportedly vaunted over the fire victims.[18] In addition, Benjamin authored a series of critical editorials attacking both cement plants of Concrete for dust pollution which led to a loss of advertising revenue for his paper.[23][25] As a result, in September 1916, Benjamin sold his rebranded Skagit Valley News to Mrs. N.I. Wolbert,[26][27] and purchased interest in another Washington local paper Wilkeson Record instead.[28][29] The strains of the World War I and local competition eventually led to the indefinite suspension of Skagit Valley News, making Herald the only newspaper in Concrete by August 1918.[30]

Bratlie continued searching for his replacement, and by May 1917 he engaged a known Everett printer,[31] Jim G. Webster to participate in Concrete Herald publishing.[32] In January 1918, Webster purchased the controlling share of the newspaper.[33][34] Lawyer by training[34] and elected school superintendent of Concrete,[35] G.L. Leonard became the newspaper's editor and co-owner.[33] Bratlie remained a minority shareholder.[36][37]

The Concrete Herald has also changed its political affiliation to 'independent' and increased its subscription price to $1.50.[38] Its paid circulation, however, fell sharply from 870 copies in Bratlie's years[39][40] to 330 copies in 1920.[38] By 1922 the circulation rebounded slightly to 462 copies.,[41] and Webster sold his share in the newspaper to A.J. Collins.[42] Bratlie retained his minority share, and Leonard continued to edit the paper.[43]

Collins remained the owner of The Concrete Herald until his premature death during a fire in Concrete hotel.[3] In July 1928, Leonard purchased Collins' share of the newspaper from his widow[44] and became the sole owner of The Concrete Herald,[45] but by 1929 the newspaper was in trouble and could not service mortgages on its building and equipment.[46]

Dwelley's years

The Concrete Herald building on Main street in Concrete, WA occupied by local stores.[47] It still carries the embellishments and the distinctive green color that Dwelley applied in the 1950s.[48][49]
Main article: Charles Dwelley

Sedro-Woolley Publishing Co. took control of The Concrete Herald by purchasing its debts in September 1929.[50][51] Frank Evans, the owner of Sedro-Woolley Publishing Co. and the publisher of Courier Times of Sedro-Woolley was a member of the Service Committee of the Washington Press Association,.[52] He was acquiring Washington newspapers, aspiring to become a newspaper "magnate."[53][54]

A month before Black Tuesday, Evans sent his assistant, Charles Dwelley, to Concrete to edit the newly acquired newspaper.[5][55] The youngest editor in Washington state at the time,[3] twenty-one-year Dwelley worked and lived with his pregnant wife in a wooden newspaper building[56] and operated two 19th century Linotype machines for 9-point and 12-point fonts, so all headings needed to be set by hand.[5] In later years, Dwelley stated that the only reason Evans has chosen him for the job was that he was the only person in Sedro-Woolley office who could operate both machines.[51]

In March 1930, Evans and Dwelley jointly incorporated the newspaper.[57] By 1935, amidst the depression, Dwelley took a mortgage on Evan's share, and became the sole owner of Herald.[3] He took another mortgage on the building of a Ford garage on Main street of Concrete that just failed and gradually renovated it into the new Concrete Herald office, a modern printing office, and an apartment for his family on the second floor.[49][58] By 1940, Dwelley has paid both mortgages.[5]

Noted as one of very few "remarkable exceptions" to massive newspaper failures in turbulent years of Depression and World War II,[59] under Dwelley, Concrete Herald survived and gradually became "one of the finest edited newspapers in the state."[60] The Concrete Herald subscription base was rising to include all upper Skagit Valley from Lyman in the west all the way to Newhalem in the northeast.[58] Dwelley's editorials were cited on the radio throughout the country, reprinted in nationwide publications such as Reader's Digest and The New York Times,[5] and referred among professional journalists as "Dwellisms".[61] The newspaper and Dwelley personally received multiple awards and recognitions on state and national level.

All these years, until Dwelley's retirement in 1970, the three Dwelley's successive spouses assisted with Herald's publication, and Dwelley's son Art worked as an apprentice at Herald's shop until September 1951.[62] By this time, Herald's operation, one of the smallest of its kind,[63] needed three people, and Miriam McGuire replaced Art as an assistant.[51] A typical issue was 6 or 8 pages, types were set from Tuesday to Thursday, and on Thursdays newly printed newspapers were folded by hand.[64] The newspaper suspended its publication once, from Nov 2, 1944 to May 31, 1945,[10][65] during the period Dwelley served in US Navy during World War II.[66]

Protecting public interest

Dwelley strongly believed that a newspaper's editor should have and voice his opinion, and Dwelley's editorials often confronted local problems.[67][68] Since 1929, for 40 years, Dwelley had been fighting the dust pollution of Superior Portland Cement Company.[69][70] Dwelley claimed that in 1929—1930 of his editorship, he had to withstand pressure from executives of Superior Portland Cement who offered him "help" with editing the paper[51] and insisted that his editorials should be cleared with the company's office prior to publication.[71][5] The open confrontation about the dust pollution between Superior Portland Cement and the editor of Herald's competitor in Concrete Skagit Valley News was a contributing factor in demise of this newspaper in 1916.[23][25] Eventually, a community group led by Dwelley has successfully involved senator Lowell Peterson, conducted a dust emission study that proved pollution levels more than 10 times over acceptable levels, and eventually pushed for creation of Northwest Air Pollution Authority.[72] Five days after the first meeting of the State Air Pollution Control Board, the plant operator made a decision to close down the plant completely.[73]

In 1956, The Concrete Herald was sued for libel by Jacob Koops, a police judge of the city of Lyman, Washington in connection of Dwelley's editorial from July 17, 1955 that alleged financial mishandling of the traffic fines for personal gains by officials of Lyman.[74] At that time, a Washington State Supreme Court decision imposed serious limitations on criticism in newspaper columns.[75] The affair has dragged for three years, making its way to Court in June 1958. Herald supplied witnesses that confirmed its claims, and the court has acquitted the paper.[76][77]

Eighties and Nineties

Dwelley retired and sold The Concrete Herald in September 1970, just passed 40-year anniversary of his editorship.[78] The new owners of the newspaper, Robert and June Fader were previously involved in newspaper publishing business. For over 20 years, Robert Fader worked and later co-owned a printing shop of Anacortes American, a local newspaper published in Anacortes.[79] June Fader previously worked as an assistant editor of Skagit Valley Herald in Mount Vernon and later as the news editor of Whidbey News-Times of Oak Harbor.[80]

June Fader became The Concrete Herald's editor.[81] Robert was involved with Washington Newspaper Publisher's Association, and in August 1976, he has elected its treasurer.[82] In 1985, June Fader stepped down, and Anne Bussiere was hired as Herald's editor.[83] Dwelley praised Bussiere's editorials in their personal correspondence.[5]

Even though the population of Concrete continued to decline, Herald's subscription base continued to rise after Dwelley's retirement, increasing from 1970 to 1988 by 48%.[84][85] Robert Fader died of cancer in October 1985 at the age of 61.[86][87] On December 31, 1989, June retired, selling The Concrete Herald to Margaret Walter from Mount Vernon and Mae Falavolito, a Concrete resident who worked assisted with editing the newspaper since 1986.[87] As of 1990, Mae Falavolito was listed as the single owner of the newspaper.[88] June Fader's chief consideration was to leave the newspaper in the hands of local residents,[87] but the local community was reportedly "shocked" perceiving John Falavolito, an opportunistic businessman with background in communications, as the actual owner.[58]

The newspaper started to fail, and the new owners put it for sale in the beginning of 1991. After several months of unsuccessful attempts to find a new buyer, on September 5, 1991, The Concrete Herald stopped publication.[89] In late 1991, The Skagit Argus hired Bussiere and attempted to substitute The Concrete Herald with special "Concrete Argus" edition,[90] but the project was unsuccessful.[58]

Historical distribution statistics and yearly subscription prices from Herald's move to Concrete in 1913 to 1991.[note 2]
● Number of paid subscriptions
● Population of Concrete
● Yearly subscription price (YSP)
● YSP in 2016 dollars[note 4]

Historical distribution

Historically, the distribution of the weekly version of the newspaper until 1991 covered smaller area and was limited to the Upper Skagit Valley with dedicated sections on Birdsview, Marblemount, Newhalem, Rockport, and Van Horn. Concrete Heritage Museum maintains a digital archive of the newspaper that is sponsored by Puget Sound Energy[92] However, many early issues of the newspaper were lost in the fire of 1915.[3]

Awards

Year Presenter Award category Place Contributor recognized Reference
1949 Washington State Press Club Best Editorial First Charles Dwelley [93]
1950 Washington State Press Club Best Editorial First Charles Dwelley [94]
1951 National Newspaper Association Best Issue [95]
1952 Ladies' Home Journal Best Editorial Top 4 Charles Dwelley [96]
1952 Washington State Press Club Distinguished Reporting Second [97]
1958 Washington State Press Club Excellence in Community Service First [98]
1959 Washington Newspaper Publishers' Association General excellence Second [99]
1970 Newspaper Leadership Contest First [100]
1972 Sigma Delta Chi Special Interest Column First Roy Olson [101]
1974 Washington State Press Club Best Editorial Third June Fader [102]

Herald's revival

In 2009, a resident of Concrete, Jason Miller, revived the newspaper in both paper and electronic formats.[4] From May to September, Miller raised over $10,000 for the project from over 150 businesses and individuals in the community.[103][104] Since 2009, The Concrete Herald is published as a monthly tabloid.[note 1] The successful resurrection of the paper version in the digital age came as a surprise for the publishing industry.[105] The revival has reportedly "rejuvenated" Concrete, and The Concrete Hearld continues to serve a cohesive element for the community of the Upper Skagit Valley.[106][107]

Distribution

As of 2016, the distribution of the paper edition of Concrete Herald covers the Skagit County towns of Birdsview, Burlington, Concrete, Hamilton, Lyman, Marblemount, Mount Vernon, Newhalem, Rockport, and Sedro-Woolley with the total circulation of 1700 paper copies.[1] The newspaper maintains dedicated sections to local news from Darrington, Clear Lake, Hamilton, Lyman, Marblemount, Newhalem, Rockport, and Sedro-Woolley.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c As of 2016, Gale Research publication incorrectly states current Herald's frequency as 'weekly'.[1] Since its revival in 2009, The Concrete Herald is published monthly.[2]
  2. ^ a b The statistics for Concrete population, the newspaper circulation, subscription prices, and political affiliation (until 1986 when listings of political affiliations seized) is based on the following sources:
    • 1913–1929: N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731.
    • 1930–1969: N.W. Ayer & Son's directory of newspapers and periodicals. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. LCCN 01031589. OCLC 5337416.
    • 1970–1971: Ayer directory, newspapers, magazines and trade publications. Philadelphia: Ayer Press. ISSN 0067-2696. LCCN 81004513. OCLC 1518958.
    • 1972–1982: Ayer Directory of Publications. Bala Cynwyd, PA: IMS Press. ISSN 0145-1642. LCCN 73640052. OCLC 1835216.
    • 1983–1985: The IMS ... Ayer directory of publications. Fort Washington, PA: IMS Press. ISSN 0738-372X. LCCN 83643636. OCLC 9363964.
    • 1986: The ... IMS directory of publications. Fort Washington, PA: IMS Press. 1972. ISSN 0892-7715. LCCN 86640928. OCLC 13351786.
    • 1987–1989: Gale Directory of Publications. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research. ISSN 0892-1636. LCCN 87649780. OCLC 15097124.
    • 1990–1991: Gale directory of publications and broadcast media. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research. ISBN 0-910190-07-0. ISSN 1048-7972. LCCN 90649034. OCLC 20820864.
  3. ^ Dwelley gives two contemporary accounts that put the date of this fire on March 13[17] and February 16,[18] but according to 1915 sources, the fire occurred on March 9,[19] and so has reported The Concrete Herald itself.[20]
  4. ^ Based on standard adjustment using Consumer Price Index calculated by United States Department of Labor.[91]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gale 2016, p. 2224.
  2. ^ Miller 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Wash. Newspaper & (Jun, 1951), p. 6.
  4. ^ a b c Lacitis 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Bourasaw 2005.
  6. ^ Rowell 1902, p. 978.
  7. ^ Ayer 1905, p. 886.
  8. ^ Rowell 1909, p. 1169.
  9. ^ Ayer 1910, p. 923.
  10. ^ a b Palmer 1991, p. 69.
  11. ^ a b Ayer 1913, p. 969.
  12. ^ Ayer 1912, p. 965.
  13. ^ Ayer 1915, p. 998.
  14. ^ Ayer 1916, p. 1001.
  15. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1915), p. 17.
  16. ^ a b Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1916), p. 104.
  17. ^ Dwelley 1980, p. 13.
  18. ^ a b Dwelley 1980, p. 85.
  19. ^ a b Seattle Star & (1915, Mar 10), p. 3.
  20. ^ Concrete Herald & (1915, Mar 13), p. 1.
  21. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1916), p. 131.
  22. ^ Dwelley 1980, pp. 13, 85.
  23. ^ a b c Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1916), p. 130.
  24. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1918), p. 25.
  25. ^ a b Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1916), pp. 225–226.
  26. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1916), pp. 130–131.
  27. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1916), p. 24.
  28. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1917), p. 157.
  29. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1917), p. 249.
  30. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Aug, 1918), p. 350.
  31. ^ Labor Journal & (1919, May 23).
  32. ^ Labor Journal & (1917, May 18).
  33. ^ a b Labor Journal & (1918, Jan 25).
  34. ^ a b Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1918), p. 151.
  35. ^ Seattle Star & (1914, Mar 9).
  36. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1920), p. 94.
  37. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1921), p. 240.
  38. ^ a b Ayer 1920, p. 994.
  39. ^ Ayer 1917, p. 1002.
  40. ^ Ayer 1918, p. 1020.
  41. ^ Ayer 1922, p. 1029.
  42. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Aug, 1922), p. 346.
  43. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Sep, 1922), p. 370.
  44. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jul, 1928), p. 20.
  45. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1929), p. 3.
  46. ^ Williams 1993.
  47. ^ White 2007.
  48. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Mar, 1953), p. 9.
  49. ^ a b Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1961), p. 5.
  50. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1929), p. 15.
  51. ^ a b c d Wash. Newspaper & (Nov, 1957), p. 4.
  52. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Aug, 1929), p. 2.
  53. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Apr, 1929), p. 5.
  54. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jul, 1930), p. 6.
  55. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1931), p. 3.
  56. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Apr, 1930), p. 5.
  57. ^ Seattle Times & (1930, Mar 16), p. 28.
  58. ^ a b c d Miller 2009, p. 2.
  59. ^ Kennedy 1951, p. 8.
  60. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Aug, 1957), p. 3.
  61. ^ Muller 2011, pp. 21–22.
  62. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1951), pp. 4, 14.
  63. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Nov, 1957), pp. 4, 12.
  64. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Nov, 1957), p. 12.
  65. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Dec, 1944), p. 3.
  66. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1946), p. 2.
  67. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1950), pp. 1, 10.
  68. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Feb, 1956), p. 11.
  69. ^ Sorensen 2001.
  70. ^ Muller 2011, p. 16.
  71. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1950), p. 10.
  72. ^ Seattle Times & (1967, Nov 4), p. 26.
  73. ^ Seattle Times & (1967, Nov 9), p. 47.
  74. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1957), p. 3.
  75. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jul, 1955), p. 4.
  76. ^ Seattle Times & (1958, Jun 12), p. 2.
  77. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jul, 1958), p. 3.
  78. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1970), p. 1.
  79. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Sep, 1970), p. 32.
  80. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Dec, 1970), p. 10.
  81. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jul, 1976), p. 4.
  82. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Aug, 1976), p. 1.
  83. ^ Ayer 1986, p. 973.
  84. ^ Ayer 1970, p. 1108.
  85. ^ Gale 1988, p. 1405.
  86. ^ Skagit Herald & (Oct, 2008).
  87. ^ a b c Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1989), p. 3.
  88. ^ Gale 1990, pp. 2160–2161.
  89. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1991), p. 2.
  90. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Dec, 1991), p. 4.
  91. ^ Crawford, Church & Akin 2016, pp. 70–73.
  92. ^ Boggs 2014.
  93. ^ Seattle Times & (1949, Apr 1), p. 38.
  94. ^ Seattle Times & (1951, May 18), p. 13.
  95. ^ Pollack 2009, p. 5.
  96. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 1952), p. 4.
  97. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jun, 1952), p. 1.
  98. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1958), p. 9.
  99. ^ Seattle Times & (1959, Sep 13).
  100. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1970), p. 2.
  101. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (May, 1972), p. 6.
  102. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Oct, 1974), p. 9.
  103. ^ Steuteville 2010.
  104. ^ Wash. Newspaper & (Jan, 2010), p. 4.
  105. ^ Muller 2011, pp. 11–24.
  106. ^ Schwartz 2009.
  107. ^ Burkhalter 2012.

Literature cited

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Ayer directory, newspapers, magazines and trade publications. Philadelphia: Ayer Press. 1970. ISSN 0067-2696. LCCN 81004513. OCLC 1518958.
Gale Directory of Publications. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research. 1988. ISBN 0-8103-2544-6. ISSN 0892-1636. LCCN 87649780. OCLC 15097124.
The ... IMS directory of publications. Fort Washington, PA: IMS Press. 1986. ISBN 0-910190-37-2. ISSN 0892-7715. LCCN 86640928. OCLC 13351786.
"Membership vote — Flint, Lewis, Leary, Fader win election". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 61, no. 11. Seattle: University of Washington. August 1976. p. 1. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Officer election — Meet the candidates". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 61, no. 10. Seattle: University of Washington. July 1976. p. 4. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Trade Wind". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 55, no. 12. Seattle: University of Washington. September 1970. p. 32. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Trade Wind". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 56, no. 3. Seattle: University of Washington. December 1970. p. 10. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Faders New Publishers of Concrete Herald". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 56, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1970. p. 1. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"June H. (Bell) Fader (1926—2008)". Skagit Valley Herald. Mount Vernon, Washington. 4 October 2008. OCLC 61311930. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
"Trade Wind". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 46, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1961. p. 5. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Concrete Herald Spruces Up Shop; Spring Fever?". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 38, no. 6. Seattle: University of Washington. March 1953. p. 9. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Charles Dwelley Elected WNPA President; Gay, Randich, Stoffel New WNPA Officers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 42, no. 11. Seattle: University of Washington. August 1957. p. 3. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
Kennedy, Fred W. (1951). "WNPA Membership Shows Tremendous Turnover During Past Twenty Years". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 36, no. 5–7. Seattle: University of Washington. pp. 1, 8, 10–11, 11. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
"Concrete". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 37, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1951. pp. 4, 14. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Concrete Herald Commemorates Fiftieth Anniversary This Year". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 36, no. 9. Seattle: University of Washington. June 1951. p. 6. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
Gale directory of publications and broadcast media. Vol. 2 (152nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4144-8804-2. ISSN 1048-7972. LCCN 90649034. OCLC 20820864.
"Leonard Elected" (PDF). The Seattle Star. Vol. 16, no. 11. Seattle: E.H. Wells & Co. March 9, 1914. p. 2. ISSN 2159-5577. LCCN 87093407. OCLC 17285351. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"The Concrete Herald" (PDF). The Labor Journal. Vol. 26, no. 3. Everett, WA: Everett Trade Council. January 25, 1918. p. 1. ISSN 2328-4013. LCCN 88085620. OCLC 18036796. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"James G. Webster ..." (PDF). The Labor Journal. Vol. 26, no. 365. Everett, WA: Everett Trade Council. May 18, 1917. p. 1. ISSN 2328-4013. LCCN 88085620. OCLC 18036796. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"James G. Webster ..." (PDF). The Labor Journal. Vol. 26, no. 5. Everett, WA: Everett Trade Council. June 1, 1917. p. 1. ISSN 2328-4013. LCCN 88085620. OCLC 18036796. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"James G. Webster ..." (PDF). The Labor Journal. Vol. 28, no. 4. Everett, WA: Everett Trade Council. May 23, 1919. p. 1. ISSN 2328-4013. LCCN 88085620. OCLC 18036796. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"Paper Loses Home" (PDF). The Seattle Star. Vol. 18, no. 12. Seattle: E.H. Wells & Co. March 10, 1915. p. 3. ISSN 2159-5577. LCCN 87093407. OCLC 17285351. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Palmer, Gayle L., ed. (April 1991). Washington State Union list of newspapers on microfilm. Olympia, Washington: Washington State Library. LCCN 93100496. OCLC 24170966. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Burkhalter, Aaron (15 April 2012). "A Sense of Place: Moving past the past". Skagit Valley Herald. Mount Vernon, Washington. p. 1. OCLC 61311930. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bourasaw, Noel V. (17 December 2005). "Charles M. Dwelley, Concrete publisher for 40 years, and his historic Skagit family". Skagit River Journal of History and Folklore. Sedro-Woolley, WA: Skagit County Historical Society. OCLC 693269331. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Williams, Anne (October 1993). "Charles M. 'Chuck' Dwelley". Skagit Valley Herald. Mount Vernon, Washington: Skagit Valley Pub. Co. ISSN 1071-197X. OCLC 61311930. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Dwelley, Charles M. (1980). So They Called The Town 'Concrete': A Story of Life and Times in Unique Concrete, Washington. The Concrete Herald. ASIN B007FD9DAI. LCCN 80125676. OCLC 6709984. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lacitis, Erik (7 February 2009). "Town of Concrete embraces plans to restart local paper". The Seattle Times. Seattle, WA: W.K. Blethen. ISSN 0745-9696. LCCN 83009191. OCLC 9198928. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Muller, Judy (2011). Emus Loose in Egnar: Big Stories from Small Towns. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3016-8. LCCN 2010051804. OCLC 679936550. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
"No More 'Native Gray'". The Seattle Times. Seattle, WA: W.K. Blethen. 22 February 1970. p. 193. ISSN 0745-9696. LCCN 83009191. OCLC 9198928.
Miller, Jason (May 2009). "It's baaack ... Concrete Herald resumes publishing" (PDF). The Concrete Herald. Vol. 92, no. 1. Concrete, WA. pp. 1–2. OCLC 14574917. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1910. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Rowell's American newspaper directory (PDF). New York City: Printers' Ink Pub. Co. 1909. ISSN 0145-1669. LCCN 02001180. OCLC 145378744. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1905. LCCN 91012091. OCLC 6039147. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
American newspaper directory (PDF). New York City: G.P. Rowell & Co. 1902. ISSN 0145-1669. LCCN 2003216001. OCLC 7550153. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1912. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1913. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 1, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1916. pp. 98–111. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1915. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1916. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 1, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1915. pp. 16–19. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1920. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 7, no. 11. Seattle: University of Washington. August 1922. pp. 345–352. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"Directory of Washington Newspapers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 7, no. 12. Seattle: University of Washington. September 1922. pp. 368–384. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 2, no. 5. Seattle: University of Washington. February 1917. pp. 153–160. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 2, no. 8. Seattle: University of Washington. May 1917. pp. 248–256. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 1, no. 8. Seattle: University of Washington. May 1916. pp. 220–231. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Directory of Washington Newspapers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 5, no. 5. Seattle: University of Washington. May 1920. pp. 93–96. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"Directory of Washington Newspapers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 6, no. 8. Seattle: University of Washington. May 1921. pp. 239–248. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 4, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1918. pp. 20–32. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 3, no. 11. Seattle: University of Washington. August 1918. pp. 344–352. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 3, no. 5. Seattle: University of Washington. February 1918. pp. 150–160. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1922. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1918. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
N.W. Ayer & Son's American newspaper annual and directory (PDF). Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son. 1917. LCCN 91012092. OCLC 4163731. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 2, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1916. pp. 17–32. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"More or Less News". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 1, no. 5. Seattle: University of Washington. February 1916. pp. 130–143. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Frank S. Evans ...". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 14, no. 7. Seattle: University of Washington. April 1929. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"President Names Committee". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 14, no. 11. Seattle: University of Washington. August 1929. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Charley Dwelley ...". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 15, no. 1. Seattle: University of Washington. October 1929. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Directory of Washington Newspapers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 14, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1929. pp. 1–16. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"G. L. Leonard ...". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 13, no. 10. Seattle: University of Washington. July 1928. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"New Building for Concrete". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 15, no. 7. Seattle: University of Washington. April 1930. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Frank Evans ...". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 15, no. 10. Seattle: University of Washington. July 1930. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Directory of Washington Newspapers". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 16, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1931. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
Boggs, Gail (2014). "The Concrete Herald". concreteheritagemuseum.org. Concrete, WA: Concrete Heritage Museum. Retrieved October 15, 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Miller, Jason (2016). "Subscribe to Concrete Herald". www.concrete-herald.com. Concrete, WA: The Concrete Herald. Retrieved October 29, 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
"Fire Destroys Herald Building And Entire Equipment — Dr. Van Buskirk And W.R. Smith Losers In Flames". The Concrete Herald. Vol. 14, no. 18. Concrete, WA: H.J. Bratlie. 13 March 1915. p. 1. OCLC 14574917.
"Chuck Dwelley Gives Lowdown On His Life And Hard Times as Concrete Herald Publisher". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 43, no. 2. Seattle: University of Washington. November 1957. pp. 4, 12. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Suit Filed Against Concrete Herald". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 42, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1957. p. 3. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Dwelley victor in $50,000 libel suit". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 43, no. 10. Seattle: University of Washington. July 1958. p. 3. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Dwelley Again Dwells in Peace; Returns After 21 Months, Navy". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 31, no. 4. Seattle: University of Washington. January 1946. p. 2. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Concrete Herald Closes Doors". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 30, no. 3. Seattle: University of Washington. December 1944. p. 3. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Dwelley Says Short Editorials Mean Beefsteak in the Dinner Pot". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 35, no. 8. Seattle: University of Washington. May 1950. pp. 1–10. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
"Charles Dwelley Discusses Weekly Paper's Role In Editorial Leadership In Community". The Washington Newspaper. Vol. 41, no. 5. Seattle: University of Washington. February 1956. p. 11. LCCN 20000342. OCLC 2486924.
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