Williams Carter Wickham

Williams Carter Wickham
Member of the Virginia Senate from the 32nd district
In office December 5, 1883 – July 23, 1888
Preceded by	Joseph A. Wingfield
Succeeded by	Henry T. Wickham
Member of the Confederate States House of Representatives from Virginia's 3rd district
In office October 5, 1864 – May 10, 1865
Preceded by	James Lyons
Succeeded by	None (position eliminated)
Member of the Virginia Senate for Hanover and Henrico
In office December 5, 1859 – December 2, 1861
Preceded by	Chastain White
Succeeded by	John R. Garnett
Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Hanover County
In office December 3, 1849 – December 2, 1850
Preceded by	Richard F. Darracott
Succeeded by	Chastain White
Personal details
Born	(1820-09-21)September 21, 1820 Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Died	July 23, 1888(1888-07-23) (aged 67) Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Lucy Penn Taylor
Alma mater	University of Virginia
Military service
Allegiance	Confederate States
Branch/service	Confederate States Army
Years of service	1861–1864
Rank	Brigadier General
Unit	4th Virginia Cavalry
Battles/wars	American Civil War

Williams Carter Wickham (September 21, 1820 – July 23, 1888) was a Virginia lawyer, plantation owner and politician. At the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861, Wickham voted against secession, but after fellow delegates and voters approved secession, he became an important Confederate cavalry general. After the American Civil War, Wickham became a Republican and served in the Virginia Senate as well as became President of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway company.

Early life and career

Wickham was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of William Fanning Wickham and Anne Butler (née Carter) Wickham. His paternal grandfather was John Wickham, the constitutional lawyer. On his mother's side, he descended from historic roots, as the Nelson and Carter families were each First Families of Virginia, prominent in the Virginia Colony.

Wickham's great-grandfather, Gen. Thomas Nelson, Jr., was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence and a governor of Virginia during the American Revolutionary War. Other ancestors include Thomas "Scotch Tom" Nelson who was one of the founders of Yorktown in the late 17th century. He was also a descendant of Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732), who served as an acting royal governor of Virginia and was one of its wealthiest landowners in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. His mother was a first cousin of Robert E. Lee, whose mother Anne Hill (née Carter) Lee, was born at Shirley Plantation.

Wickham spent much of his youth on his father's 3,200-acre (13 km²) plantation, Hickory Hill, which is located about 20 miles (32 km) north of Richmond and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Ashland in Hanover County. Hickory Hill was long an outlying appendage to Shirley Plantation, much of it having come into possession of the Carter family by a deed dated March 2, 1734.

Wickham was graduated from the University of Virginia and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He was married to Lucy Penn Taylor and had several children, one of whom, Henry Taylor Wickham served as President Pro-tem of the Virginia State Senate. He became a justice and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1849.

In 1858 he was commissioned captain of Virginia volunteer militia cavalry, and in 1861 he was elected by the people of Henrico County to the state convention as a Unionist, where he voted against the articles of secession.

Civil War

General Wickham

Following the secession of Virginia, Wickham took his company, the Hanover Dragoons, into the service of the Confederate States Army. After participating in the First Battle of Manassas, Wickham was commissioned by Governor John Letcher as lieutenant colonel of the Fourth Virginia Cavalry in September 1861. On May 4, 1862, he incurred a severe saber wound during a cavalry charge at the Battle of Williamsburg. In this state of injury, he was captured, but quickly paroled. In August 1862, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Virginia Cavalry. At the Battle of Sharpsburg, he was wounded again, this time in the neck by a shell fragment. Recovering, he participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Brandy Station and Gettysburg.

General Wade Hampton blamed the failures of Wickham's Fourth Virginia Cavalry at Brandy Station for the death of his brother, Lt. Col. Frank Hampton.

Wickham was commissioned brigadier general on September 9, 1863, and put in command of Wickham's brigade of Fitzhugh Lee's division. On May 11, 1864, he fought at the Battle of Yellow Tavern. Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded during this engagement, with his final order being: "Order Wickham to dismount his brigade and attack." In September 1864, after the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Fisher's Hill, Wickham blocked at Milford an attempt by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan to encircle and destroy the Confederate forces of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early. He then attacked the Federal cavalry at Waynesboro and forced them to retreat to Bridgewater.

Wickham resigned his commission on October 5, 1864, and took his seat in the Second Confederate Congress, to which he had been elected while in the field. Recognizing that the days of the Confederacy were over, he participated in the Hampton Roads Conference in an attempt to bring an early end to the war.

Postbellum activities

After the surrender of the Confederacy, Wickham was active in improving harmony between the states and reorganizing Virginia's economy, which had been ruined by the war. He became a Republican and voted in 1872 for General Ulysses S. Grant as a member of the Electoral College of Virginia.

In November 1865, at the conclusion of the War, he was elected president of the Virginia Central Railroad, which had been one of the most heavily damaged during the War. In 1868, when the Virginia Central merged with the Covington and Ohio Railroad to form the new Chesapeake and Ohio, Wickham was retained as the new company's president. In the new capacity, he was anxious to complete a railroad line to the Ohio River, long a dream of Virginians. However, unlike fellow Confederate officer and railroad leader William Mahone had done, he was unable to secure capital or financing in Virginia, or from Europeans. Turning to New York City, he was successful in attracting an investment group headed by Collis P. Huntington. Fresh from recent completion of the western portion of the U.S. transcontinental railroad as a member of the so-called "Big Four", Huntington joined the effort, became the C&O's new president. His contacts and reputation helped obtain $15 million of funding from New York financiers for the project, which eventually cost $23 million to complete. The final spike ceremony for the 428-mile (689 km) long line from Richmond to the Ohio River was held on January 29, 1873 at Hawk's Nest railroad bridge in the New River Valley, near the town of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia.

After Huntington assumed the presidency, Wickham served as vice-president of the C&O from 1869 to 1878, when the company went into foreclosure, with Wickham as receiver. In 1878 the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad was sold under foreclosure and reorganized as the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, with Collis P. Huntington assuming the office of President of the reorganized road; Wickham was named second vice-president. Under their leadership, an additional line was extended east from Richmond through the new Church Hill Tunnel and down the Virginia Peninsula through Williamsburg to reach coal piers located on the harbor Hampton Roads, the East Coast of the United States' largest ice-free port at the small unincorporated town of Newport News in Warwick County. During the ten years from 1878 to 1888, C&O's coal resources began to be developed and shipped eastward. Coal became a staple of the C&O's business at that time, and still was over 125 years later under successor CSX Transportation. The man Wickham brought to Virginia, Collis P. Huntington, went on to develop his holdings in Newport News, where he began the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and helped the small community become one of only two in Virginia to become an independent city without first having been an incorporated town. In modern times, Newport News, which merged with the former Warwick County in 1958, has grown to become one of the major cities of Hampton Roads.

Throughout the years after the Civil War, while developing railroads, Wickham also maintained an active political life. He maintained his offices in Richmond and his residence in Hanover County. He was elected chairman of the Hanover County, Virginia, Board of Supervisors in 1871 and as a Senator in the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly in 1883 and 1887. He was an officer of the C&O and held all of these other positions at the time of his death on July 23, 1888, at his office in Richmond.

Statue of Williams Carter Wickham sculpted by Edward V. Valentine and placed in Monroe Park

Death and legacy

Wickham died of heart failure in 1888 and was interred in Hickory Hill Cemetery near Ashland, Virginia. A statue of Williams Carter Wickham was given to the City of Richmond by the general's comrades and employees of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1891 and was placed in Monroe Park. Two of the general's descendants, who do not represent the entire family, called for the statue's removal in the aftermath of Charlottesville, Virginia's 2017 Unite the Right rally, and participants in 2020's George Floyd protests defaced and toppled the statue from its pedestal.

References

• Hotchkiss, Jed (1899). "Virginia". In Evans, Clement A. (ed.). Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History. Vol. Vol. 3. Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company. OCLC 833588. Retrieved January 20, 2011 – via Archive.org. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
• Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
• Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
• "Brigadier General Williams Carter Wickham". The Virginia Civil War Home Page. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007.

External links

• Williams Carter Wickham at The Virginia Elections and State Elected Officials Database Project, 1776-2007
• Williams Carter Wickham at Find a Grave