Nehemiah 8

Nehemiah 8
Nehemiah 8
← chapter 7 chapter 9 →
	Ezra Reads the Law ; Synagogue interior wood panel. Location: Dura-Europos, Syria.
Book	Book of Nehemiah
Category	Ketuvim
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	16

Nehemiah 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Nehemiah in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,^[1] or the 18th chapter of the book of Ezra-Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and the book of Nehemiah as one book.^[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra-Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,^[3] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books.^[4] This chapter and the next focus mainly on Ezra, with this chapter recording Ezra’s reading and instructing God's law to the people,^[5]^[6] then together they celebrated the Feast of Tabernacles with great joy.^[7] Nehemiah the governor is mentioned briefly in verse 9 but Smith-Christopher argues that "the presence of Ezra and the virtual absence of Nehemiah support the argument that chapter 8 is among the displaced chapters from the Ezra material", and suggests that "the original place for [this chapter] would logically have been between Ezra 8 and 9".^[8]

Text

The original text of this chapter is in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[9]^[a]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^A; 5th century).^[11]

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 9:37-55 is an equivalent of Nehemiah 7:73-8:12 (The reading of the Law).^[12]^[13]

Ezra reads the law (8:1–12)

The commission given to Ezra was to 'restructure the Jewish community' under God's laws, so he read and instructed the people who gathered around in 'the commands and intentions of God's revelation'.^[14]

Verse 1

And all the people gathered themselves together as one man into the street that was before the water gate; and they spake unto Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which the Lord had commanded to Israel.^[15]

"They spake unto Ezra": the initiative to hear the book of the law of God (Torah) came from the people.^[16]

Ezra is described as "the scribe" in this verse and as "the priest" in verse 2. Repairs to "the place in front of the Water Gate toward the east" were referred to in Nehemiah 3:26. Whereas the King James Version refers to the "street" before the gate, other translations refer to the "square" ^[17] or the "courtyard".^[18] In the Vulgate the closing words of Nehemiah 7:73, When the seventh month came, the children of Israel were in their cities form the opening words of Nehemiah 8:1: see also Nehemiah 8:1 in the Douay-Rheims Bible.

Verse 3

Then he (Ezra) read from it (the Law) in the open square that was in front of the Water Gate from morning until midday, before the men and women and those who could understand; and the ears of all the people were attentive to the Book of the Law.^[19]

Ezra's actions recall those of King Josiah in 2 Kings 23:2:^[20]

The king went up to the house of the Lord with all the men of Judah, and with him all the inhabitants of Jerusalem — the priests and the prophets and all the people, both small and great. And he read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant which had been found in the house of the Lord.

The feast of Tabernacles (8:13–18)

The requirements of God's laws were founded on God's grace and the intention behind the Feast of Tabernacles was to commemorate God's miraculous deliverance of Israel.^[21] The celebration closely followed the regulation in Leviticus 23.^[7]

Verse 17

So the whole assembly of those who had returned from the captivity made booths and sat under the booths; for since the days of Joshua the son of Nun until that day the children of Israel had not done so. And there was very great gladness.^[22]

"Booths": or "temporary shelters".^[23]
"Until that day the children of Israel has not done so": Although the Israelites had regularly celebrated the Feast of Tabernacles, the festival had gradually become a 'harvest celebration', but in Ezra's time the festival was 'to commemorate God's grace' just as intended in Leviticus 23:43.^[7]

Notes

^ Since the anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo in 1947, the whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah has been missing from the text of the Aleppo Codex.^[10]

References

^ Halley 1965, p. 236.
^ Grabbe 2003, p. 313.
^ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
^ Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.
^ Grabbe 2003, p. 324.
^ Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 320–321.
^ ^a ^b ^c Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 220.
^ Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 320.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras
^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras
^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 215.
^ Nehemiah 8:1: KJV
^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 216.
^ E.g. the New International Version: Nehemiah 8:1
^ E.g. God's Word Translation: Nehemiah 8:1
^ Nehemiah 8:3
^ Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 321.
^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 219.
^ Nehemiah 8:17: NKJV
^ Note on Nehemiah 8:17 in NKJV

Sources

Fensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802825278. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). "Nehemiah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 320–328. ISBN 978-0802837110. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
Larson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Holman Old Testament commentary. Vol. Volume 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805494693. Retrieved October 28, 2019. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
Levering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431616. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
McConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664245832. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). "15. Ezra-Nehemiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish translations:
- Nechemiah - Nehemiah - Chapter 8 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Book of Nehemiah Chapter 8. Bible Gateway

[11] Since the anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo in 1947, the whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah has been missing from the text of the Aleppo Codex.^[10]

[FOOTNOTEHalley1965236-1] Halley 1965, p. 236.

[FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003313-2] Grabbe 2003, p. 313.

[3] Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2

[FOOTNOTEFensham19822–4-4] Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.

[FOOTNOTEGrabbe2003324-5] Grabbe 2003, p. 324.

[FOOTNOTESmith-Christopher2007320–321-6] Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 320–321.

[FOOTNOTELarsonDahlenAnders2005220-7] Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 220.

[FOOTNOTESmith-Christopher2007320-8] Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 320.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199536–37-9] Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.

[10] P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-12] Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.

[13] Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras

[14] Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras

[FOOTNOTELarsonDahlenAnders2005215-15] Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 215.

[16] Nehemiah 8:1: KJV

[FOOTNOTELarsonDahlenAnders2005216-17] Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 216.

[18] E.g. the New International Version: Nehemiah 8:1

[19] E.g. God's Word Translation: Nehemiah 8:1

[20] Nehemiah 8:3

[FOOTNOTESmith-Christopher2007321-21] Smith-Christopher 2007, pp. 321.

[FOOTNOTELarsonDahlenAnders2005219-22] Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 219.

[23] Nehemiah 8:17: NKJV

[24] Note on Nehemiah 8:17 in NKJV

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v t e Book of Nehemiah
Bible chapters	Nehemiah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Places	Arab Babylon Ecbatana Jerusalem Sidon Susa (Shushan) Tyre
People	Ahasuerus Artaxerxes Cyrus Darius Ezra Geshem Haggai Iddo Jeshua/Joshua Judah Sanballat the Horonite Shealtiel Tobiah the Ammonite YHWH Zechariah Zerubbabel
Phrases	Nethinim Shekel Qos (deity)
Composition	The Chronicler Ezra–Nehemiah
Sources	Hebrew Bible Septuagint Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version