Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim
Alexander MacDonnell | |
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Earl of Antrim | |
Reign | 1683–1699 |
Predecessor | Randal, 1st Marquess |
Successor | Randal, 4th Earl |
Born | 1615 |
Died | 10 December 1699 |
Spouse(s) |
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Issue Detail | Randal & Mary |
Father | Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl |
Mother | Alice O'Neill |
Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim PC (Ire) (1615–1699) was a Roman Catholic peer and military commander in Ireland. He fought together with his brother Randal on the losing side in the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653); and then, having succeeded his brother as the 3rd Earl of Antrim in 1683, fought in the Williamite War (1688–1691), on the losing side again. Twice his lands were forfeit and twice he regained them.
However, he is probably best known for having been shut out of Derry by the apprentice boys in an episode preceding the Siege of Derry.
Birth and origins
Alexander was born in 1615,[1] probably at Dunluce Castle, his parents' habitual residence. He was the second son of Randal MacDonnell and his wife, Alice O'Neill.
His father, Lord of the Route[2] and Constable of Dunluce Castle, had been knighted by Lord Lieutenant Mountjoy in 1602.[3] His father was an important landowner in the north-eastern corner of the Ireland facing Scotland across the North Channel. His father's family, the MacDonnell of Antrim, were the Irish branch of the Scottish Clan Donald. The MacDonnels descended from the twelfth-century Scottish warlord Somerled and from Alexander MacDonald, 5th of Dunnyveg, a Scottish-Irish magnate, who was driven out of Scotland by James IV and fled to Ulster where the family was already established through a series of marriages. His Scottish lands were taken over by the rival Clan Campbell, although the MacDonalds continued to live there and looked towards the MacDonnell family for leadership. Recovering his Scottish lands remained an objective that his father pursued all his life without ever meeting it.
Alexander's mother was described as "of good cheerful aspect, freckled, not tall but strong, well set, and acquainted with the English tongue."[4] She was born in 1583[5][6] as the daughter of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and his second wife, Siobhan (i.e. Johanna) O'Donnell.[7][a] She was thus a member of the O'Neill dynasty, an ancient Gaelic family, the leaders of which were once kings and ruled all of Ulster. However, her father had left Ireland in the Flight of the Earls in 1607 and was then attainted by the Irish Parliament, losing his title and lands.[10]
Alexander's parents were both Catholic. They had married in 1604 before the Flight of the Earls.[11]
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He appears below as the younger of two brothers:
He had six sisters.[11]
Alexander's sisters |
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Early life
On 28 May 1618 King James I of England created Alexander's father Viscount Dunluce[19] and in 1620 Earl of Antrim.[20]
Glenarm inheritance
On 10 December 1636 Alexander's father died at Dunluce Castle and was buried at the Bonamargy Franciscan Friary.[21][22] In his will he had divided his estate between his two sons. Alexander inherited the Barony of Glenarm,[23] whereas the elder, Randal, inherited the title and the larger share of the land, consisting of the baronies of Dunluce and Kilconway.[24] Alexander was precisely 15 at that time. In his time children came of age at fifteen and he therefore entered immediately into the possession of his part of the estate.[25] He made Glenarm Castle on the east coast of County Antrim his residence.
First marriage
The date of his first marriage does not seem to be known. He married, firstly, Elizabeth Annesley, second daughter of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, a Protestant. She died childless on 4 September 1672.[26][27][28]
Irish Confederate Wars
After coming of age, Alexander MacDonnell spent three years travelling abroad in Europe on his grand tour.[29] He returned to Ireland just before the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, in which he sided with the rebels and commanded a regiment.[30] Colonel Alexander MacDonnell, as he now was, led the regiment throughout the Irish Confederate Wars until the Confederation surrendered to Cromwell in 1652. Unlike his brother Randal, Alexander respected and adhered to the peace between the Confederates and the Royalists negotiated by Ormond in 1648 and urged for a conciliatory approach. His lands were confiscated in 1652 in Cromwell's Act of Settlement[31] and distributed among Cromwellian soldiers. In exchange he received 3,500 acres in Connacht.[32] By 1656, he was living in England.
Restoration
At the Restoration in 1660, he was appointed custos rotulorum for Antrim. In 1668 Alexander MacDonnell was restored to his lands by Charles II.
Second marriage and children
He married, secondly, Helena Burke, daughter of Sir John Burke of Derrymaclaughna (Doire-mic-Lachtna), County Galway, after 1672.[33]
He had two children from his second wife (the birth order is unknown):
- Randal (1680–1721), succeeded as the 4th Earl;[34] and
- Mary, married Henry Wells of Bambridge in 1700.[35]
Earl of Antrim
On 3 February 1683 his only brother, Randal, died childless. Randal had married twice but both marriages were childless.[36] The marquessate became extinct and Randal was therefore the first and last Marquess of Antrim of the 1645 creation. Alexander succeeded him in the earldom as the 3rd Earl of Antrim.[37]
In 1685, Lord Antrim, as he was now, was invested as a Privy Counsellor[38] and Lord-Lieutenant of Antrim shortly after the accession of King James II, as the new king followed a policy of replacing Protestant officials with Catholic ones throughout Ireland.
Williamite War
At the outbreak of the Glorious Revolution, which replaced James II with William of Orange, Antrim was already in his seventies. He stayed loyal to James. When the Dutch invasion threatened, James ordered Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnell, whom James had appointed viceroy of Ireland, to send reliable Irish troops to England. These units sailed to Chester in September and early October 1688.[39] To replace these units, Tyrconnell ordered four new regiments to be raised, one for each Irish province. The Ulster regiment was to be raised by Antrim. He hired 1,200 Scottish mercenaries (i.e. redshanks), making sure they were all Catholics. The unit was supposed to be ready on 20 November, but delays occurred.
At that time Tyrconnell's remodelling of the Irish army had advanced so far that few units still had significant numbers of Protestant soldiers. One of those was the regiment of Viscount Mountjoy, a Protestant loyal to James. This unit was in garrison at Derry. Tyrconnell considered this unit unreliable and on 23 November he ordered Mountjoy to march to Dublin, supposedly for embarking to England.[40] Mountjoy's regiment was to be replaced by Antrim's,[41] but that was not ready and Derry found itself without garrison.
When Antrim finally got his troops on the way, he met Colonel George Philips, a Protestant, at Newtown Limavady, who immediately sent a messenger to Derry to warn the city. On 7 December 1688, with Antrim's regiment on the Waterside of Derry, ready to cross the Foyle River under the Ferryquay Gate,[42] thirteen apprentices seized the city keys and locked the gates.[43][44] With this Derry was in rebellion against Tyrconnell and James. Antrim was not strong enough to take the town by force and retreated to Coleraine.
When Tyrconnell heard that Antrim had been kept out of Derry, he stopped Mountjoy on his march to Dublin and sent him back to Derry. On 21 December Mountjoy reached Derry and struck a deal with the city, according to which two of his companies, consisting entirely of Protestant soldiers, would be let into town.[45] The one was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Lundy, the other by Captain William Stewart.[b] Both later swore allegiance to William. Mountjoy appointed Lundy governor of the town in place of Philips.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Glenarm_Castle.jpg/220px-Glenarm_Castle.jpg)
Antrim sat in the House of Lords of James II's Patriot Parliament in Dublin.[46]
James lost the Williamite War in Ireland with the fall of Limerick in 1691. Antrim, as a supporter of James, was one of the losers. Peace was signed with the Treaty of Limerick according to which all the members of the Irish landed gentry having served in the Jacobite Army who did not immediately swear allegiance to William and Mary would forfeit their title and lands. Antrim seems to have missed his chance in 1691 and not have sworn allegiance to William immediately after the signing of the treaty. However, he seems to have obtained a pardon at a later stage and did regain possession of his lands.[47]
Death, succession, and timeline
Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim, died on 10 December 1699 and was succeeded by his son Randal as the 4th Earl of Antrim.[48]
Timeline | ||
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As only the year, but not the day, of his birth is known, all the ages could be a year younger than given. | ||
Age | Date | Event |
0 | 1615 | Born.[1] |
8–9 | 1618, 28 May | His father created Viscount Dunluce.[19] |
4–5 | 1620, 12 Dec | His father created Earl of Antrim.[20] |
9–10 | 1625, 27 Mar | Accession of King Charles I, replacing King James I.[49] |
20–21 | 1636, 10 Dec | His father died at Dunluce Castle, and he inherited Glenarm.[21] |
24–25 | 1640 estimate | Married 1st Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey.[28] |
33–34 | 1649, 30 Jan | King Charles I beheaded.[50] |
44–45 | 1660, 29 May | Restoration of King Charles II.[51] |
56–57 | 1672, 4 Sep | His first wife died.[28] |
59–60 | 1675 estimate | Married 2ndly Helena Burke, daughter of Sir John Burke of Derrymaclaughna (Doire-mic-Lachtna), County Galway.[33] |
64–65 | 1680 | His son Randal born.[34] |
67–68 | 1683, 3 Feb | He succeeded his only brother as the 3rd Earl of Antrim.[37] |
69–70 | 1685, 6 Feb | Accession of King James II, replacing King Charles II.[52] |
69–70 | 1685 | Became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland.[38] |
72–73 | 1688, 7 Dec | Shut out of Derry by the 13 apprentices.[44] |
83–84 | 1699, 10 Dec | Died and was succeeded by his only son.[48] |
Notes
- ^ In the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Dunlop (1898) claims that Alice is a daughter of Hugh's fourth wife, but this seems impossible as her birth date falls into the time of Hugh's second marriage.[8] In the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, an update to the DNB, Canny (2004) mentions neither Alice nor Randall MacDonnell.[9]
- ^ William Stewart was the grandfather of the first Marquess of Londonderry.
- ^ a b Lodge 1789, p. 211: "Alexander, the third earl of Antrim, was born in the year 1615 ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 16: "RANDAL MAC SORLEY MAC DONNELL of Dunluce, co. Antrim, 2nd but 1st surv.s. and h. of Sorley Boy MAC DONNELL, Lord of the Route ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 21: "He was knighted, 13 May 1602 by the Lord Deputy Mountjoy ..."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 416, right column, line 23: as quoted
- ^ Webb 1878, p. [ 416, right column, line 20]: "Hugh's daughter Alice, born in 1583, married Sir Randal MacDonnell (1st Earl of Antrim)."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 34: "[Alice] was living 19 Aug. 1663, and then aged 80."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 29: "He [the 1st Earl] m. 1604 Alice, da. of Hugh (O'NEILL), EARL OF TYRONE [I.] by his 2nd wife, Johanna, da. of Hugh McManus O'DONNELL"
- ^ Dunlop 1898, p. 196, right column, line 4: "She [Hugh's 4th wife] was the mother of ... several daughters, one of whom married Sir Randal MacDonnell, first earl of Antrim ..."
- ^ Canny 2004, p. 839, left column, line 19: "Dungannon [i.e. Hugh] formed further strategic alliances within Gaelic Ulster by negotiating marriages for ... his various daughters ..."
- ^ Meehan 1870, p. 402: "But the grand object for which this parliament met was not achieved till October 1614, when Sir John Everard ... brought in a bill for confiscating the vast territories of the fugitive earls ..."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 30: "His Lordship [the 1st Earl] m. 1604, Alice, dau. of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and had issue, with six daus. ..."
- ^ Debrett 1828, p. 688, line 31: "... RANDAL, 2nd earl, who was advanced to the dignity of marquess of Antrim on account to his loyalty to King Charles I. 1644;"
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 207, line 12: "Daughter Lady Ann, was first married to Christopher, Lord Delvin; and secondly to William Fleming, Baron of Slane ..."
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 207, line 15: "Lady Mary, first in 1605 to Lucas, the second Viscount Dillon; and secondly to Oliver, the sixth Lord Louth."
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 207, line 17: "Lady Sarah, first to Neile-Oge O'Neill of Killileagh in the county of Antrim, Esq. (son of Neile Mac-Hugh O'Neile, who, in Q.Elizabeth's wars in Ireland, was slain in the service of the Crown) by whom she had Henry O'Neile, born in 1625, and other children; secondly to Sir Charles O'Conor Sligo, Knt., who died at Sligo 14 May 1634, without issue; and thirdly to Donald Mac-Carthy More, Prince of his sept in the Province of Munster."
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 207, line 25: "Lady Catherine, in 1639, to Edward Plunket, of Scatlecor, Esq. son and heir to Patrick, Lord Dunsany."
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 207, line 27: "Lady Rose, to Colonel Gordon, who commanded a regiment in Major-General Robert Munroe's army in the North."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 307: "... and six sisters (Anne, Mar, Sarah, Catherine, Rose, and Ellis)."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 23: "On 28 May 1618 he was cr. VISCOUNT DUNLUCE, co. Antrim [I.] ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1910, p. 174, line 25: "... on 12 Dec. 1620 he [Randal McSorley] was cr. EARL OF ANTRIM [I.] ..."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 35: "The [1st] Earl d. 10 Dec. 1636, and was s. by his elder son ..."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 246, line 9: "He died at Dunluce at the 10th of December, 1636, and his body, after lying for some time in state, was buried in the vault which he had built at Bunnamairge in 1621 ... "
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 247: "His younger son, Alexander, was bequeathed the barony of Glenarm,"
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 246, line 24: "His elder son, Randal, got the baronies of Dunluce and Kilconway,"
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 352, line 2: "This nobleman [Alexander], who was born in 1615, had exactly come of age at the date of his father's death in 1636."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 7, left column, line 38: "II. Elizabeth m. to the hon. Alexander MacDonnell, 2nd son of the Earl of Antrim."
- ^ Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 48: "His lordship [the 3rd Earl] m. 1st Elizabeth Annesley, 2nd dau. of Arthur, 1st Earl of Anglesey, by whom (who d. 4 Sept. 1672) he had no issue."
- ^ a b c Cokayne 1910, p. 175, last line: "He, m. 1stly, Elizabeth, 2nd da. of Arthur (ANNESLEY) 1st EARL of ANGLESEY, by Elizabeth, da. and h. of Sir James Altham. She d. s.p., 4 Sep. 1672, and was bur. in St. John's Church, Dublin."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 212: "... travelled into France, Germany, Italy and other places ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 175, line 28: "He commanded a regiment of Irish in 1641 ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 175, line 29: "... was attainted by Cromwell but restored in 1660."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 352: "his lands were set out to adventurers and soldiers, he receiving 3,500 acres in Connaught."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 50: "He [the 3rd Earl] m. 2ndly Helena 3rd dau. of Sir John Burke, Knt. of DerryMaclaghtry, co. Galway, by whom (who d. 7 Oct. 1710) he had issue."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 51: "RANDAL, 4TH EARL OF ANTRIM, b. 1680, m. Hon. Rachel, eldest dau. of Clotworthy, Viscount Massereene, and by her (who re-m. Robert Hawkins Magill, of Gill Hall, co. Down and d. 1739) had issue ..."
- ^ Lodge 1789, p. 212: "... one daughter, Mary, married in August, 1700, to Henry Wells, of Bambridge, in the county of Southhampton, Esq., nephew to the late Lord Chancellor Wyndham."
- ^ Debrett 1828, p. 688: "... [Randal MacDonnell] was twice married but d. without issue 3 Feb. 1682."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 43: "He [the 1st Marquess] d. 3 Feb. 1682, when the marquessate expired, but the other honours devolved on his brother ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1910, p. 175, line 30: "P. C. 1685."
- ^ Childs 2007, p. 3, line 14: "To strengthen his forces in the face of the Dutch threat, James ordered the better elements of the Irish Army into England. One regiment of dragoons, a battalion of Foot Guards, and Anthony Hamilton's and Lord Forbes's battalions of line infantry, a total of 2,964 men, sailed to Chester during September and early October."
- ^ Childs 2007, p. 3, line 23: "Tyrconnell, on the other hand, did not want an unreliable batallion in such a key post so, on 23 November, he ordered it to England via Dublin."
- ^ Macaulay 1855, pp. 143–144: "a regiment of twelve hundred Papists commanded by a Papist, Alexander Macdonnell, Earl of Antrim, had received orders from the Lord Deputy to occupy Londonderry."
- ^ Graham 1841, p. 268: "He was in the seventy-fourth year of his age when he appeared with his regiment at the waterside of Derry on the 7 December, 1688."
- ^ Macaulay 1855, p. 145: "seized the keys of the city, rushed to the Ferryquay Gate, closed it in the face of the King's officers, and let down the portcullis."
- ^ a b Joyce 1903, p. 213: "Lord Antrim marched to take possession of Derry; but while the aldermen and magistrates were hesitating, a few of the bolder young apprentices seizing the keys, locked the town gates on the 7th of December 1688, and shut out Antrim and his Jacobite forces."
- ^ Witherow 1879, p. 199: "in pursuance of an arrangement with Mountjoy of the 21st of December, the citizens of Derry had admitted a part of his regiment to garrison their town."
- ^ Cokayne 1910, p. 175: "He sat in the Irish Parl. of James II, 7 May 1689."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 358: "... suffered forfeiture as an adherent of James II. He had now become old and was comparably unable to wrestle with the difficulties of his position, but he persevered in his efforts to regain the family estates, and was eventually fortunate in getting his case included in the articles of Limerick."
- ^ a b Burke 1949, p. 66, left column, line 55: "The [3rd] Earl d. 10 Dec. 1699 and was s. by his only son."
- ^ Smyth 1839, p. xiii, line 18: "Charles I. / [Accession] / 27 March, 1625"
- ^ Burke 1949, p. cclxvii, line 9: "… after the decapitation of CHARLES I at Whitehall, 30 Jan. 1649 ..."
- ^ Seaward 2004, p. 127, right column: "… he sailed to England and on 29 May [1660] he entered London in triumph."
- ^ Smyth 1839, p. xiii, line 20: "James II. / [Accession] / 6 February, 1685"
References
- Burke, Bernard (1866), A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire (New ed.), London: Harrison
- Burke, Bernard (1949), A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (99th ed.), London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. (for Antrim)
- Canny, Nicholas (2004), "O'Neill, Hugh [Aodh O'Neill], second earl of Tyrone (1583–1616)", in Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 41, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 851–856, ISBN 0-19-861391-1
- Childs, John (2007), The Williamite Wars in Ireland 1688–1691, London: Hambledon Continuum Press, ISBN 978-1-85285-573-4 – Preview
- Cokayne, George Edward (1910), Gibbs, Vicary (ed.), The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), London: St Catherine Press – Ab-Adam to Basing
- Debrett, John (1828), Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 2 (17th ed.), London: F. C. and J. Rivington – Scotland and Ireland
- Dunlop, Robert (1898), "O'Neill, Hugh, third Baron of Dungannon and second Earl of Tyrone 1540?–1616", in Lee, Sidney (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 42, London: Smith Elder & Co, pp. 188–196 – O'Duinn to Owen
- Graham, Rev. John (1841), Ireland Preserved; or the Siege of Londonderry and the Battle of Aughrim with Lyrical Poetry and Biographical Notes, Dublin: Hardy and Walker
- Hill, Rev. George (1873), An Historical Account of the MacDonnells of Antrim, Belfast: Archer & Sons
- Joyce, Patrick Weston (1903), A Concise History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1837 (12th ed.), Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son
- Lodge, John (1789), The Peerage of Ireland, vol. 1, Dublin: James Moore – Blood royal, dukes, earls (for Antrim)
- Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1855), The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, vol. 3, London: Longman Brown Greens & Longmans
- Meehan, Charles Patrick (1870), The Fate and Fortunes of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. and Rory O'Donel, Earl of Tyconnel; their Flight from Ireland and Death in Exile (2nd ed.), Dublin: James Duffy
- Ohlmeyer, Jane H. (2004), "MacDonnell, Randal, 1st Marquess of Antrim (1609–1683)", in Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 35, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 307–310, ISBN 0-19-861385-7
- Seaward, Paul (2004), "Charles II", in Matthew, Henry Colin Gray.; Harrison, Brian (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 11, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 122–145, ISBN 0-19-861361-X (for Restoration)
- Smyth, Constantine (1839), Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland, London: Henry Butterworth (for Table of reigns)
- Webb, Alfred (1878), "O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone", Compendium of Irish Biography, Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, pp. 410–416
- Witherow, Thomas (1879), Derry and Enniskillen in the Year 1689, London & Belfast: William Mallan & Son