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International Mercantile Marine Company

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John Pierpont Morgan, owner of the IMM Co.
Preferred share of the International Mercantile Marine Company, issued 21. November 1922

The International Mercantile Marine Company, originally the International Navigation Company, was a trust formed in the early twentieth century as an attempt by J.P. Morgan to monopolize the shipping trade.

IMM was founded by shipping magnates Clement Griscom of the American Line and Red Star Line, Bernard N. Baker of the Atlantic Transport Line, J. Bruce Ismay of the White Star Line, and John Ellerman of the Leyland Line. The Dominion Line was also amalgamated. The project was bankrolled by J.P. Morgan & Co., led by financier J. P. Morgan. The company also had working profit-sharing relationships with the German Hamburg-Amerika and the North German Lloyd lines. The trust caused great concern in the British shipping industry and led directly to the British government's subsidy of the Cunard Line's new ships RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania in an effort to compete.

IMM was a holding company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own subsidiaries. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government. One of IMM's subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the RMS Titanic. Analysis of financial records shows that IMM was overleveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow that caused it to default on bond interest payments in late 1914. As a result, a "friendly" receivership was put in effect in 1915, which allowed IMM to reorganize its finances; it emerged from the receivership in 1916.[1] Saved by World War I, IMM eventually re-emerged, after a merger with Roosevelt Steamship Company, as the United States Lines, which itself went bankrupt in 1986.[2]

A proposed subsidy bill in the United States Congress failed, which became widely apparent by April 1902 [3] and the company thus was never truly successful. Beginning in the 1920s, the company underwent a series of corporate acquisitions and mergers, which resulted in its becoming the United States Lines in 1943.

History

Founding of the company

As the shipping industry prospered in the late 19th century, some sought to create a trust that would monopolize U.S. shipping companies. However, all negotiations in this regard in the 1890s fell short. The intervention of John Pierpont Morgan, one of the richest men in the world, would change that.[4]

The Atlantic Transport Line, owned by Bernard N. Baker and having both passenger and cargo ships,[5] competed intensely with British and other shipping companies. Baker tried to sell his company to John Ellerman, chairman of the cargo-carrying Leyland Line, who had tried unsuccessfully to take possession of the Cunard Line and HAPAG, two powerful European companies. Negotiations between Baker and Ellerman, advanced but ultimately fell through.[6]

Meanwhile, J. P. Morgan had already concluded agreements with Clement Griscom, president of the International Navigation Company, which operated the Red Star Line and the American Line. Finally, in December 1900, after six months of negotiations, the Atlantic Transport Line joined INC.[7]

Subsequently, Baker, J. P. Morgan, and Simon Bettle Jr. (representative of the INC) negotiated with Ellerman, this time with a view to redeem his property. There would be two companies that would join the trust. The name of one of them was revealed in April 1901: the Leyland Line.[8] The second turned out to be the prestigious White Star Line, bought by Morgan's team, after long negotiations, in April 1902.[9][10][11] On 1 October 1902, JP Morgan & Co. announced the founding of the International Mercantile Marine Company, more commonly called IMM.[12][13] (Constituent elements of IMM, including INC (chartered in 1871),[14] had however been operating for many years already.)[6] IMM was incorporated in New Jersey.[15]

Golden age

The Regina sailed for the Dominion Line and White Star Line before being transferred to the Red Star Line under the name of Westernland.

Morgan's role evolved over the years. Being American, he could not directly own British ships, but he could own the company that owned the ships.[6] In 1902, the IMM carried 64,738 passengers, a total buoyed by high immigration to the United States. The IMM had signed a partnership with the two most important German shipping companies, Norddeutscher Lloyd and HAPAG, which carried a total of 66,838 passengers. The German-Morgan agreement, signed in New York on 20 February 1902,[16] was a key step in the formation of what was to become the IMM, but did not fully address long-standing competitive friction between and amongst the major German and British transatlantic shipping companies.

Responses in the United Kingdom helped intensify these rivalries. Cunard Line, one of the British shipping companies with independent significance, received grants from the British government for the construction of two great ocean liners, the Lusitania and the Mauretania, which were placed into service in late 1907.[17] The competitive response from the IMM group came in 1908 when Harland & Wolff was authorized to build the White Star Line's Olympic class ocean liner trio: RMS Olympic, RMS Titanic, and HMHS Britannic.[18]

Since 1902, IMM had an agreement with James Pirrie, chairman of Harland & Wolff and member of the management of the White Star Line, stating that the vessels of the company will be built by Harland & Wolff for all the time.[6] Ships of the company were also shifting from one company to another, like the Belgic, built for the White Star Line, which was transferred to the service of the Red Star Line under the name SS Belgenland (1914), or the Regina became the Westernland.[19] This allowed the IMM to schedule a ship each day from the United Kingdom, and passengers to change their tickets to a position equivalent to another vessel of the company. Baker retired from the direction of the Atlantic Transport Line shortly after its integration with the IMM, and was replaced by Philip Franklin. He later became vice president of IMM, while Griscom was replaced as president by Joseph Bruce Ismay in 1904 (who was also president of the White Star Line).[20]

Decline

The sinking of the Titanic was one of the causes of the decline of IMM.

The early 1910s marked a turning point for the IMM. Indeed, on 15 April 1912, the Titanic, flagship of its fleet, sank during her maiden voyage. Besides the financial and human losses, the sinking had repercussions on the organization of the trust. Through the American commission of inquiry devoted to the sinking, Senator William Alden Smith openly attacked the very principle of the company and Morgan.[21] As had been arranged before Titanic sank, J. Bruce Ismay retired as president of IMM in 1913 and was succeeded by Harold Sanderson[22] Morgan died on 31 March 1913.[23] After the 1915-16 receivership, Sanderson was succeeded as president by Franklin, who had been the receiver.[24]

However, the sinking of the Titanic did not bring about the end of the IMM. Although theoretically powerful due to its continued influence with some of the top American, British, and German shipping companies, the overseeing company never managed to overcome its own financial problems, nor dominate the bulk of the North Atlantic shipping trade, and was therefore not as successful as expected.[6] The company went into receivership in 1915 and was placed in the hands of Franklin, who managed to save it. In the late 1920s, he received grants from the government to American ships (built in the United States or flying the flag) and in 1926 it sold the White Star Line to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company for £7 million, of which £2.35 million was still unpaid when the Royal Mail Group, which was overleveraged and undercapitalized, collapsed in the early 1930s.[25] In 1930, IMM possessed 30 vessels. There were 19 in 1933 and only 11 by 1935.

The ailing company merged with the Roosevelt Steamship Company, parent company of the Roosevelt Line, in 1931 to form Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company (RIMM).[26] Later in 1931, RIMM acquired the financially troubled United States Lines and began consolidating its operations under that brand. The Atlantic Transport Line was dissolved in late 1931 and its ships were distributed throughout RIMM's remaining divisions.[27][28]

The American Line was merged into United States Lines in 1932, the Red Star Line was sold to Arnold Bernstein in 1934, Baltimore Mail Line merged into United States Lines in 1937, the Panama Pacific Line was dissolved in 1938 and its ships divested, and American Merchant Line was merged into United States Lines in 1938.[27][28]

Finally, the Roosevelt Line was merged into United States Lines in 1940, leaving that company as RIMM's only remaining business. RIMM changed its name to United States Lines Inc. in 1943, recasting itself as a smaller company focused exclusively on transatlantic routes under a single brand.[27][28]

Some businesses of the modern shipping industry still regard IMM as an early attempt at the corporate ownership of several companies under a single trust; the kind of large overseeing companies that dominate much of the maritime shipping world today.

Presidents

Company became United States Lines Inc, 1943[30]

Companies owned by IMM

Flag of the Red Star Line

See also

References

  1. ^ The New York Times, 4 April 1915; IMM 1916 Annual Report.
  2. ^ John J. Clark, and Margaret T. Clark, "The International Mercantile Marine Company: A Financial Analysis," American Neptune 1997 57(2): 137–154
  3. ^ and presenting Morgan with the "Hobson's choice" of proceeding with the formation of a probably unprofitable holding company (by consummating the acquisition of White Star as its "crown jewel," but having to probably go without the subsidy envisaged under the Frye-Payne bill), or backing away at the last minute and absorbing considerable losses on the prior purchase of Leyland. Morgan ultimately chose to go ahead and continue putting together his "trust." Navin and Sears, pp. 316-19, Vale, pp. 94-97
  4. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, p. 58
  5. ^ Atlantic Transport Line Archived 4 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Ship List. Retrieved 7 July 2010
  6. ^ a b c d e The IMM Archived 16 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Atlantic Transport Line History. Retrieved 17 July 2009
  7. ^ Red Star Line Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Ship List. Retrieved 17 February 2010
  8. ^ J.P. MORGAN & CO. BUY THE LEYLAND LINE, New York Times of 30 April 1901. Retrieved 17 July 2009
  9. ^ (in French) Histoire de la White Star Line sur le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 17 July 2009, Vale, pp. 54-61
  10. ^ (in French) FAQ sur le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 December 2009
  11. ^ Mark Chirnside 2004, pp. 9–10
  12. ^ Navin, Thomas R.; Sears, Marian V. (December 1954). "A Study in Merger: Formation of the International Mercantile Marine Company". Business History Review. 28 (4): 291–328. doi:10.2307/3111799. ISSN 0007-6805.
  13. ^ "COMBINATION OF SIX STEAMSHIP COMPANIES; International Corporation to Have a Capital of $120,000,000". The New York Times. 2 October 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  14. ^ N.R.P. Bonsor, North Atlantic Seaway, vol. 2 (1978), p. 829
  15. ^ International Mercantile Marine Co. stock certificate. 1922. Incorporated Under the Laws of the State of New Jersey
  16. ^ Central planks of the agreement included dividend-sharing, route-allocation, and joint committee to oversee the agreement, and suspension in the event of war. A contemporaneous side deal authorized the subsequent acquisition by HAPAG, NDL and IMM of a controlling interest in the Holland-America line (but without the direct advance knowledge of Holland-America's management). The German Accession," chapter 3 in Vale, pp. 63-101, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation [U.S.], 1902, pp. 395-99, Navin and Sears, pp. 308-12
  17. ^ Beau Riffenburgh 2008, p. 12
  18. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, pp. 33–36, J.H. Isherwood, "The Great Olympic," Sea Breezes 21 (1956), p. 101
  19. ^ Regina/Westernland, Great Ships. Retrieved 7 February 2010
  20. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, p. 10
  21. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, p. 260
  22. ^ Wilton Oldham: "The Ismay Line".
  23. ^ Beau Riffenburgh 2008, p. 7
  24. ^ IMM 1916 Annual Report
  25. ^ Green and Moss: "A Business of National Importance"
  26. ^ "I.M.M. Control Goes to Roosevelt Line". The New York Times. 7 January 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  27. ^ a b c "International Mercantile Marine Company Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 16 May 1995. p. 4. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Tomán, René (1994). A historical dictionary of the U.S. merchant marine and shipping industry : since the introduction of steam. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27225-7. OCLC 652516469.
  29. ^ "Father & Son in I. M. M." Time magazine. 10 February 1936. Retrieved 18 August 2009. From presidency to chairmanship of International Mercantile Marine Co. last week moved Philip Albright Small Franklin. From vice-presidency to presidency rose John Franklin, his son. P. A. S. Franklin was vice-president of International Mercantile Marine at the time of its organization in 1902, became president in 1916, at one point during the War directed the movements of all merchant ships flying the U. S. flag.
  30. ^ The New York Times, 21 and 22 May 1943

Further reading

  • Boyce, Gordon. The Growth and Dissolution of a Large-Scale Business Enterprise (Research in Maritime History 49, 2012), chapter 4: "Trouble on the Transatlantic Route."
  • Chirnside, Mark: The Olympic-class ships. Tempus, 2004 (ISBN 0-7524-2868-3)
  • Gittelman, Steven H.: J.P. Morgan and the Transportation Kings — The Titanic and Other Disasters. University Press of America, Inc., 2012 (ISBN 978-0-7618-5850-8)
  • (in French) Piouffre, Gérard: Le Titanic ne répond plus. Larousse, 2009 (ISBN 2-263-02799-8)
  • (in French) Beau Riffenburgh, Toute l'histoire du Titanic, Sélection du Reader's Digest, 2008 (ISBN 2709819821)
  • Vale, Vivian (1984). The American Peril: Challenge to Britain on the North Atlantic 1901–04. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1718-1. OCLC 10752931.
  • Navin, Thomas R. and Sears, Marian V. "A Study In Merger: Formation Of The International Mercantile Marine Company," Business History Review 1954 28(4): 291-328
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