Ctenus

Ctenus
	Ctenus medius
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Ctenidae
Genus:	Ctenus; Walckenaer, 1805
Type species
	C. dubius; Walckenaer, 1805
Species
	222, see text
Synonyms
	Oligoctenus Simon, 1887;

Ctenus is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.^[2] It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia.^[1] Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus Ctenus, however, it was recently discovered that the species Ctenus medius shares toxic properties with those presented by Phoneutria nigriventer, such as proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities, in addition to producing hyperalgesia and edema, the venom of C. medius also interferes with the complement system in concentrations in which the venom of P. nigriventer is inactive, indicating that this spider has a noxious venom to humans.^[3] The venom of C. medius causes an eleavage in the complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system, it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike C. medius, the venom of P. nigriventer does not interfere with lytic activity.^[4]

Species

As of April 2019^[update] it contains 222 species:^[1]

C. abditus Arts, 1912 – Congo, Tanzania
C. adustus (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
C. agroecoides (Thorell, 1881) – Australia (Queensland)
C. albofasciatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
C. alienus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
C. amanensis Strand, 1907 – East Africa
C. amphora Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Colombia, Brazil, Guyana
C. anahitaeformis Benoit, 1981 – Burundi
C. anahitiformis Strand, 1909 – Brazil
C. andamanensis Gravely, 1931 – India
C. angigitanus Roewer, 1938 – New Guinea
C. angularis Roewer, 1938 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
C. argentipes Hasselt, 1893 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
C. aruanus Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
C. auricomus Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
C. avidus Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. bahamensis Strand, 1907 – Bahama Is.
C. bantaengi Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
C. barbatus Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar
C. bayeri Jäger, 2012 – Laos
C. beerwaldi Strand, 1906 – East Africa
C. bicolor (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil
C. bicostatus Thorell, 1890 – Borneo
C. bigibbosus Benoit, 1980 – Congo
C. bilobatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
C. biprocessis Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
C. blumenauensis Strand, 1909 – Brazil
C. bolivicola Strand, 1907 – Bolivia
C. bomdilaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1981 – India
C. bowonglangi Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
C. bueanus Strand, 1916 – Cameroon
C. calcaratus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
C. calcarifer F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Borneo
C. calderitas Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
C. caligineus Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
C. captiosus Gertsch, 1935 – USA
C. capulinus (Karsch, 1879) – West, Central Africa
C. catherine Polotow & Brescovit, 2012 – Jamaica
C. cavaticus Arts, 1912 – Congo, Angola
C. celebensis Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
C. celisi Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. ceylonensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Sri Lanka
C. cladarus Jäger, 2012 – Myanmar
C. clariventris Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
C. coccineipes Pocock, 1903 – West, Central Africa
C. cochinensis Gravely, 1931 – India
C. colombianus Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
C. colonicus Arts, 1912 – East Africa
C. complicatus Franganillo, 1946 – Cuba
C. constrictus Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. convexus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Costa Rica
C. corniger F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – South Africa
C. cruciatus Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
C. crulsi Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Brazil
C. dangsus Reddy & Patel, 1994 – India
C. darlingtoni Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. datus Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
C. decemnotatus Simon, 1910 – Guinea-Bissau
C. decorus (Gerstäcker, 1873) – East Africa
C. delesserti (Caporiacco, 1947) – Guyana
C. denticulatus Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. dilucidus Simon, 1910 – Congo
C. doloensis Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
C. drassoides (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia
C. dreyeri Strand, 1906 – Cameroon
C. dubius Walckenaer, 1805 (type) – French Guiana
C. efferatus Arts, 1912 – Congo
C. elgonensis Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
C. ellacomei F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Suriname
C. embolus Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. ensiger F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
C. esculentus Arts, 1912 – Cameroon, Congo
C. excavatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
C. exlineae Peck, 1981 – USA
C. facetus Arts, 1912 – Congo, East Africa
C. falcatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – St. Lucia
C. falciformis Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. falconensis Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela
C. fasciatus Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Brazil
C. fernandae Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
C. feshius Benoit, 1979 – Congo
C. flavidus Hogg, 1922 – Vietnam
C. floweri F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Malaysia
C. goaensis Bastawade & Borkar, 2008 – India
C. griseus Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
C. guadalupei Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Guadeloupe
C. guantanamo (Alayón, 2001) – Cuba
C. gulosus Arts, 1912 – South Africa
C. haina Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
C. haitiensis Strand, 1909 – Hispaniola
C. hibernalis Hentz, 1844 – USA
C. hiemalis Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. himalayensis Gravely, 1931 – India
C. holmi Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
C. holthoffi Jäger, 2012 – Laos
C. hosei F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Borneo
C. humilis (Keyserling, 1887) – Nicaragua
C. hygrophilus Benoit, 1977 – Congo
C. idjwiensis Benoit, 1979 – Congo
C. inaja Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
C. indicus Gravely, 1931 – India
C. insulanus Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. jaminauensis Mello-Leitão, 1936 – Brazil
C. jaragua Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
C. javanus Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Java)
C. kandyensis Kim & Ye, 2014 – Sri Lanka
C. kapuri Tikader, 1973 – India (Andaman Is.)
C. kenyamontanus Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
C. kipatimus Benoit, 1981 – Tanzania
C. kochi Simon, 1897 – New Guinea
C. lacertus Benoit, 1979 – Congo
C. latitabundus Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
C. lejeunei Benoit, 1977 – Congo
C. leonardi Simon, 1910 – West Africa
C. levipes Arts, 1912 – Tanzania
C. lishuqiang Jäger, 2012 – China
C. longicalcar Kraus, 1955 – El Salvador
C. longipes Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
- Ctenus l. vittatissimus Strand, 1916 – Brazil
C. lubwensis Benoit, 1979 – Congo
C. macellarius Simon, 1910 – Congo
C. maculatus Franganillo, 1931 – Cuba
C. maculisternis Strand, 1909 – Bolivia, Brazil
C. magnificus Arts, 1912 – West Africa
C. malvernensis Petrunkevitch, 1910 – Jamaica
C. manauara Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Brazil
C. manni Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. marginatus Walckenaer, 1847 – Fiji, Solomon Is.
C. martensi Jäger, 2012 – Nepal
C. medius Keyserling, 1891 – Panama, Brazil
C. meghalayaensis Tikader, 1976 – India
C. minimus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – North America
C. minor F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
C. mitchelli Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
C. modestus Simon, 1897 – Tanzania (Zanzibar, Kenya)
C. monaghani Jäger, 2013 – Laos
C. monticola Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
C. musosanus Benoit, 1979 – Congo
C. naranjo Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
C. narashinhai Patel & Reddy, 1988 – India
C. natmataung Jäger & Minn, 2015 – Myanmar
C. nigritarsis (Pavesi, 1897) – Ethiopia
C. nigritus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
C. nigrolineatus Berland, 1913 – Ecuador
C. nigromaculatus Thorell, 1899 – Central, West Africa
C. noctuabundus Arts, 1912 – Kenya
C. obscurus (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
C. oligochronius Arts, 1912 – East Africa
C. ornatus (Keyserling, 1877) – Brazil
C. ottleyi (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico
C. palembangensis Strand, 1906 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
C. paranus Strand, 1909 – Brazil
C. parvoculatus Benoit, 1979 – South Africa
C. parvus (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
C. paubrasil Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
C. pauloterrai Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
C. peregrinus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala, Costa Rica
- C. p. sapperi Strand, 1916 – Guatemala
C. periculosus Bristowe, 1931 – Indonesia (Krakatau)
C. philippinensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Philippines
C. pilosus Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
C. pingu Jäger & Minn, 2015 – Myanmar
C. pogonias Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
C. polli Hasselt, 1893 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
C. potteri Simon, 1901 – Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
C. pulchriventris (Simon, 1897) – Zimbabwe, South Africa
C. pulvinatus Thorell, 1890 – Borneo
C. quinquevittatus Strand, 1907 – South Africa
C. racenisi Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela
C. ramosi Alayón, 2002 – Cuba
C. ramosus Thorell, 1887 – Myanmar
C. ravidus (Simon, 1886) – Argentina
C. rectipes F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil, Guyana
C. renivulvatus Strand, 1906 – Ghana
C. rivulatus Pocock, 1900 – Cameroon, Gabon
C. robustus Thorell, 1897 – Myanmar, Laos
C. rubripes Keyserling, 1881 – Panama, Ecuador
C. rufisternis Pocock, 1899 – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
C. rwandanus Benoit, 1981 – Rwanda
C. saci Ono, 2010 – Vietnam
C. sagittatus Giltay, 1935 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
C. saltensis Strand, 1909 – Argentina, Bolivia
C. sarawakensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Borneo
C. satanas Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
C. schneideri Strand, 1906 – West Africa
C. serratipes F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
C. serrichelis Mello-Leitão, 1922 – Brazil
C. sexmaculatus Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
C. siankaan Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
C. sigma (Schenkel, 1953) – Venezuela
C. sikkimensis Gravely, 1931 – India
C. silvaticus Benoit, 1981 – Congo
C. similis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
C. simplex Thorell, 1897 – Myanmar, Laos
C. somaliensis Benoit, 1979 – Somalia
C. spectabilis Lessert, 1921 – Central, East Africa
C. spiculus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Colombia
C. spiralis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
C. supinus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
C. tenuipes Denis, 1955 – Guinea
C. theodorianum Jäger, 2012 – Laos
C. thorelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Sri Lanka
C. torvus Pavesi, 1883 – Ethiopia
C. transvaalensis Benoit, 1981 – South Africa
C. trinidensis (Alayón, 2001) – Trinidad
C. tumidulus (Simon, 1887) – Myanmar
C. tuniensis Patel & Reddy, 1988 – India
C. uluguruensis Benoit, 1979 – Tanzania
C. undulatus Steyn & Van der Donckt, 2003 – Ivory Coast
C. unilineatus Simon, 1898 – St. Vincent
C. vagus Blackwall, 1866 – West Africa
C. validus Denis, 1955 – Guinea
C. valverdiensis Peck, 1981 – USA
C. valvularis (Hasselt, 1882) – Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)
C. vatovae Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
C. vehemens Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
C. vespertilio Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
C. villasboasi Mello-Leitão, 1949 – Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil
C. vividus Blackwall, 1865 – Central Africa
C. w-notatus Petrunkevitch, 1925 – Panama
C. walckenaeri Griffith, 1833 – possibly South America
C. yaeyamensis Yoshida, 1998 – Taiwan, Japan

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gen. Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris: Dentu. OCLC 602364691.
^ Okamoto, Cinthya Kimori; Gonçalves-De-Andrade, Rute M.; Queiroz, Giselle Pidde; Gutierez, Vanessa P.; De Almeida, Daniel Manzoni; Cury, Yara; Bertani, Rogério; Portaro, Fernanda C. V.; Tambourgi, Denise V. (January 2009). "Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities". Journal of Medical Entomology. 46 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1603/033.046.0108. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 19198518.
^ http://www.ecoevo.com.br/publicacoes/pesquisadores/rogerio_bertani/1003%20J%20Med%20Entomol.pdf

[NMBE-1] "Gen. Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-24.

[Walc1805-2] Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris: Dentu. OCLC 602364691.

[3] Okamoto, Cinthya Kimori; Gonçalves-De-Andrade, Rute M.; Queiroz, Giselle Pidde; Gutierez, Vanessa P.; De Almeida, Daniel Manzoni; Cury, Yara; Bertani, Rogério; Portaro, Fernanda C. V.; Tambourgi, Denise V. (January 2009). "Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities". Journal of Medical Entomology. 46 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1603/033.046.0108. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 19198518.

[4] ttp://www.ecoevo.com.br/publicacoes/pesquisadores/rogerio_bertani/1003%20J%20Med%20Entomol.pdf

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