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Hunting Act 2004

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"Hunting ban" redirects here. For trophy hunting bans, see Trophy hunting § Regulations, ban and effects. For hunting contravening bans, see illegal hunting.

Hunting Act 2004[1]
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to make provision about hunting wild mammals with dogs; to prohibit hare coursing; and for connected purposes.
Citation2004 c 37
Territorial extent England and Wales[2]
Dates
Royal assent18 November 2004
Commencement18 February 2005[3]
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended

The Hunting Act 2004 (c 37) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which bans the hunting of wild mammals (notably foxes, deer, hares and mink) with dogs in England and Wales; the Act does not cover the use of dogs in the process of flushing out an unidentified wild mammal,[4] nor does it affect drag hunting, where hounds are trained to follow an artificial scent.[5]

The Act came into force on 18 February 2005. The pursuit of foxes with hounds, other than to flush out to be shot, had been banned in Scotland two years earlier by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002. Such hunting remains permitted by the law in Northern Ireland, where the Act does not apply.

History

Background

See also: Legislation on hunting with dogs

Several UK laws on animal welfare, such as the Protection of Animals Act 1911, the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 and the Wild Mammals (Protection) Act 1996 contained specific exemptions for hunting activities, thereby preventing prosecutions of other hunts activities that might otherwise have been considered cruel.[6][7][8][9]

Many earlier attempts had been made to ban hunting. Two private member's bills to ban, or restrict, hunting were introduced in 1949, but one was withdrawn and the other defeated on its second reading in the House of Commons.[10] The Labour government appointed the Scott Henderson Inquiry[11] to investigate all forms of hunting. Opponents of hunting claimed that the membership of the committee was chosen to produce a pro-hunting report.[10] The inquiry reported its view that "Fox hunting makes a very important contribution to the control of foxes, and involves less cruelty than most other methods of controlling them. It should therefore be allowed to continue."[12]

Twice, in 1969 and in 1975, the House of Commons voted in favour of bills to ban hare coursing, but neither bill became law. Three further private member's bills were introduced by Kevin McNamara in 1992 (Wild Mammals (Protection) Bill), by Tony Banks in 1993 (Fox Hunting (Abolition) Bill), and by John McFall in 1995 (Wild Mammals (Protection) Bill)—all of which failed to go on to become law.[13]

The Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 made it illegal to chase or deliberately kill mammals with dogs in 2002. There are a number of differences between the two Acts: The Scottish Act does not place a two dog limit on the flushing of a mammal to guns in order to shoot it; with respect to flushing foxes above ground to guns to shoot them, only the Scottish Act permits this to be done to protect game birds; with respect to flushing foxes below ground to guns to shoot them, only the Scottish Act permits this to be done to protect livestock. The Scottish Act allows someone convicted to be sentenced for up to six months in prison, there is no such power in the Hunting Act 2004.[14]

At the time of this bill fox hunting with hounds was "not practised or is largely banned" in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Spain and Sweden,[15] but was allowed in Australia, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Italy, Russia and the USA.[16]

Drafting

The Labour Party came to power in 1997 with a manifesto saying, "We will ensure greater protection for wildlife. We have advocated new measures to promote animal welfare, including a free vote in Parliament on whether hunting with hounds should be banned."[17] A new private member's bill, introduced by Michael Foster MP, received a second reading with 411 MPs voting in support, but failed due to lack of parliamentary time.[18] The Burns Report in 2000 concluded that forms of fox hunting "seriously compromise the welfare of the fox",[15] but (in line with its remit) did not draw any conclusion on whether hunting should be banned or should continue. In a later debate in the House of Lords, the inquiry chairman, Lord Burns also stated that "Naturally, people ask whether we were implying that hunting is cruel... The short answer to that question is no. There was not sufficient verifiable evidence or data safely to reach views about cruelty. It is a complex area."[19] Following the Burns inquiry, the Government introduced an 'options bill' which allowed each House of Parliament to choose between a ban, licensed hunting, and self-regulation. The House of Commons voted for a banning bill and the House of Lords for self-regulation. The 2001 general election was then called and the bill ran out of parliamentary time.[20]

In what he described as an attempt to raise animal welfare standards at the same time, and as an alternative to legislation that specifically targeted hunting, Lord Donoughue proposed the Wild Mammals (Protection) (Amendment) Bill.[1] This would have made it the case that "any person who intentionally inflicts, or causes or procures, unnecessary suffering on or to any wild mammal shall be guilty of an offence." A matching Bill was introduced in the Commons with the support of The Middle Way Group (see below). Both bills failed to become law as they were blocked by Labour members who wanted a specific hunting ban. Animal welfare groups such as the League Against Cruel Sports criticised the Bill on two grounds. Firstly, they opposed the exemption in the Bill for activities undertaken "in accordance with an approved code of conduct". Secondly, they argued that, if an activity was inherently cruel, it should be deemed as such by Parliament, rather than prosecutors having to argue and prove cruelty in every court case.

Following a series of evidence hearings in 2002,[21] on 3 December 2002, DEFRA Minister of State for Rural Affairs Alun Michael introduced a bill which would have allowed some licensed hunting.[22] The Commons passed an amendment proposed by Tony Banks to ban hunting entirely in July 2003 with a majority of 208 in a free vote but was then rejected by the House of Lords by a majority of 212 in October 2003.[23]

Voting, conflict with the Lords and royal assent

A bill identical to the one passed by the House of Commons in 2003 was reintroduced to the Commons on 9 September 2004.

On 15 September 2004, the day of the final vote (third reading) of this controversial Act, two protesters staged the first invasion of the House of Commons chamber since King Charles I in 1641. It was quickly quelled by Parliamentary officials, but led to a review of parliamentary security, given that it was the second breach of the security of the chamber in four months (Fathers 4 Justice activists had thrown purple flour in the Commons four months earlier). Simultaneously, a demonstration of between 8,000 and 10,000 people, including protesters from the Countryside Alliance filled Parliament Square outside.[24] Later, John Holliday wrote for the Guardian an essay on his actions.[25]

On 17 November, on one of the days of the Parliamentary session, the Lords again insisted on its amendments to the main Bill. In the Commons, the Government's last-ditch attempt to compromise on a delay until 31 July 2007 won the support of only 46 MPs, although the delay until 2006 was inserted in the Bill. The Lords who would have had to have accepted the Commons' other amendments (including the principle of a ban on hunting) and dues rejected the proposal by 153 to 114.

With the Lords and Commons unable to come to agreement by the end of the Parliamentary year the Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin, invoked the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, an infrequently used legislative device that allows the Commons to overrule the Lords where agreement can not be reached.[26] The Hunting Act was only the seventh statute since 1911 enacted using these provisions.[27] The House of Lords was criticised for undemocratically blocking the legislation;[28] however, other newspapers and broadcasters condemned Tony Blair's Labour administration for giving in to what they perceived as the prejudicial views of anti-hunting Labour backbenchers.[29]

The act came into force on 18 February 2005, three calendar months after it received royal assent.[30][31]

Failed challenges

Challenges to the Act which questioning the legality of the Parliament Act 1949 in the High Court and Court of Appeal failed (for example Jackson v Attorney General) The House of Lords in their judicial capacity agreed with the lower courts in a judgment delivered in October 2005.[32]

An application for judicial review was made to the High Court of England and Wales which argued that the anti-hunting legislation contravenes individual human or property rights protected in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and under European Community law and on grounds of the free movement of goods and services.[33] The application was dismissed by the High Court in July 2005,[34] the Court of Appeal in June 2006[35] and the House of Lords in November 2007.[36] An application to the European Court of Human Rights was ruled inadmissible.[37][38]

Penalties and enforcement

A person guilty of an offence under this Act is liable on summary conviction to an unlimited fine at the discretion of judges. (The provisions of the law state a penalty not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, however, level 5 currently has no upper limit).[39]

Analysis published in 2015 by pro-hunting pressure group the Countryside Alliance of 2005-14 data from the Ministry of Justice shows that 378 people have been convicted of Hunting Act offences over that period, but only 24 of the offenders were involved with registered hunts. They therefore conclude that more than 94% of Hunting Act convicted offenders were not members of registered hunts but were involved in poaching or other casual hunting activities.[40] Justice Minister Crispin Blunt said in a written answer to Parliament in June 2011 that "it is not possible to separately identify those specific cases proceeded against under the Hunting Act 2004 related to hunts recognised and regulated by the Council of Hunting Associations" since "statistical information available centrally does not include the circumstances of each case."[41] In 2014, the number of successful convictions under the act had risen to 430.[42]

Animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA, IFAW and the League Against Cruel Sports monitor some hunts, which they believe may be breaking the law. Small, local groups of Hunt Monitors, made up of independent, private individuals, also engage in regular hunt monitoring.[43] In 2011 the League Against Cruel Sports complained that "On several occasions over the last few years, we have provided what we believed to be good evidence to Devon & Cornwall Police, but the police haven’t even moved from the starting blocks by interviewing suspects. Some cases have run out of time and sometimes the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decide to take no action."[44]

Police forces have said, on a number of occasions, that enforcement of the Hunting Act 2004 like much wildlife crime is a low priority for them, although they say that they will enforce the law. However, the Police's UK National Wildlife Crime Unit has said that policing of hunting should be a priority for forces in some areas of the country, most notably the South West.[45]

Key court cases involving registered hunts

Tony Wright (Exmoor Foxhounds): 2006–2009

Tony Wright, huntsman for the Exmoor Foxhounds, was convicted of illegal hunting with dogs in Barnstaple magistrates court in August 2006 in a private prosecution by the League Against Cruel Sports,[46] but was then acquitted by the High Court on appeal.[4] The appeal took place at the request of the Crown Prosecution Service who wished to determine if it is necessary for the prosecution to demonstrate that any hunting taking place was not exempt, or for the defence to prove that it was exempt; also to define what was meant by "hunting". The High Court ruled that it was necessary for the prosecution to prove that the conditions of the exemption had not been met. It also ruled that for the offence of "hunting a wild mammal" to take place there must be an identifiable mammal.[4]

Julian Barnfield (Heythrop Hunt): 2009

Charges of illegal hunting of a fox between November 2008 and February 2009 brought against Julian Barnfield of the Heythrop Hunt by the Crown Prosecution Service were dropped in March 2009 in response to the earlier High Court ruling in the Tony Wright case that 'searching' for a mammal was not hunting and that "hunting could only be an 'intentional' activity".[47]

Derek Hopkins and Kevin Allen (Fernie Hunt): 2011

Huntsman Derek Hopkins and terrierman Kevin Allen, employees of the Fernie Hunt from Great Bowden, were convicted of illegal hunting in October 2011.[48] They also lost their appeal, partly based on video evidence collected by the League Against Cruel Sports.[49] It was the third successful prosecution for illegal fox hunting using the 2004 Act.[48]

Crawley and Horsham Hunt: 2008–2013

In 2008, the Crawley and Horsham Hunt launched a legal action in the High Court for trespass, nuisance, and harassment against Simon and Jane Wild of West Sussex Wildlife Protection and West Sussex Badger Protection Group. The hunt used Timothy Lawson-Cruttenden, an expert in the use of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 in such cases. This was viewed as a test case and received support from the Countryside Alliance, the Master of Foxhounds Association and 80 landowners and if successful was planned to lead to a request for an injunction against everyone associated with these groups from interfering with the hunt. The defendants claimed to have evidence of illegal hunting taking place and were asking the court to accept this as a defence to the Harassment Act action. The original judge, Justice Cranston, stepped down in July 2008 due to earlier comments made in support of the ban made while an MP. During the second trial it was reported that the judge dismissed nuisance and trespass, because they had "fundamental defects", leaving only harassment. It was also reported that the protestors, using an undercover infiltrator, had been able to get hold of conclusive evidence that the claimants were engaged in illegal fox hunting. The principal plaintiff, Simon Greenwood, was filmed using his hounds to chase a fox to ground and then call in terrier-men to dig it out and throw it to the hounds. The plaintiffs dropped the case in July 2009, and agreed to pay costs estimated at over £120,000.[50]

Officials of the Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty in May 2012 of Hunting Act offences: professional huntsman Andrew Phillis, joint master Neill Millard and the hunt secretary Rachel Holdsworth were convicted on a total of five charges of illegally hunting. Millard and Holdsworth were fined £1000 each and both ordered to pay £2500 costs. Phillis was later sentenced to a £500 fine and £2500 costs.[51]

In September 2013, professional huntsman Nicholas Bycroft pleaded guilty to an offence under Section 1 of the Hunting Act: he admitted illegally hunting a fox during a meet at Angmering Park, near Arundel, West Sussex, on 19 February 2013. He was given a 12-month conditional discharge, £150 costs and £15 victim surcharge.

RSPCA vs Heythrop Hunt: 2012

In December 2012 the RSPCA took out a private prosecution against Heythrop Hunt Limited. This was a landmark case, as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body. The Heythrop Hunt, its Huntsman, Julian Barnfield, and its Senior Master, Richard Sumner, all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox at Oxford magistrates court in December 2012.[52] Barnfield, a former huntsman with the Heythrop and one of those convicted, said that the case had been politically motivated with its links with David Cameron's constituency.[53] The presiding magistrate called the RSPCA's £327,000 costs "staggering";[54] however, Gavin Grant, the chief executive of the RSPCA, said that the organisation would prevent cruelty to animals by all lawful means and had prosecuted 1,341 individuals and secured 3,114 convictions in the past year with a success rate of more than 98%.[55]

Other cases

Subsequently, three pending prosecutions against hunts, including one brought privately by the League Against Cruel Sports, were dropped[56] and a further two cases which did reach court were thrown out at the conclusion of the prosecution cases when the District Judges ruled that there was no case to answer.[57]

From March to November 2013, staff of six separate hunts were either acquitted of Hunting Act offences or had the prosecutions against them dropped, including three foxhound packs (The York & Ainsty South, the Avon Vale and the Ledbury), a harrier pack (Weston & Banwell Harriers), a staghound pack (The Quantock Staghounds) and a beagle pack (The RAC Beagles).

In September 2013 David Parker, the huntsman of the Seavington Hunt, was fined after he admitted illegally hunting a fox with dogs in Dorset. The prosecution was brought by the RSPCA with evidence from the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW).[58]

Perspectives

Public opinion

Public opinion has tended to be in favour of the ban on fox hunting:

  • A survey commissioned by The Daily Telegraph in 2002 indicated that a majority of people (57%) agreed with the statement that 'hunting with dogs is never acceptable'.[59]
  • A survey by MORI for the BBC carried out in February 2005 found that there was a plurality of support for the new legislation, but not an absolute majority (47% supporting, 26% opposed).[60]
  • In 2009, Ipsos MORI found that a total of 75% supported the ban on fox hunting.[61]
  • In 2010, the figure was almost identical, with 76% being opposed to repealing the Hunting Act, including with 71% of rural residents. There was 18% support for repeal.[62]
  • A poll by MORI in December 2012 showed no change on fox hunting, with 76% being opposed to moves to make it legal, rising to 81% in respect to deer hunting.[63]
  • Ahead of Boxing Day 2016 a poll was released which indicated opposition to fox hunting had reached all-time highs, with 84% of voters, including 82% of those in rural areas, opposing fox hunting.[64]
  • An opinion poll in May 2017 revealed overwhelming public opposition to hunting with dogs, including the repeal of the Hunting Act 2004. 64% of voters disagreed with the statement that "the ban on fox hunting should be reversed", including 46% who "strongly disagreed". Just 11% supported the repeal of the ban. The poll was published in the aftermath of the release of the Conservative Party manifesto for the 2017 general election, which promised a vote on the repeal of the Act.[65] Only 16% of Conservative voters want the ban overturned, with 50% opposed.

Supporters of the bill

Opponents of the bill

Neutral

Proposed Coalition review

The Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement, agreed by the new government following the 2010 general election, aimed to give MPs a free vote "to express its view" on repealing the Hunting Act 2004[71] when parliamentary time allowed; in late 2010, it was thought this might be in "early 2012".[72] The prime minister, David Cameron, explained in January 2012 "I always thought the hunting ban was a pretty bizarre piece of legislation ... I think there should be a free vote in the House of Commons. I think the Commons should make its mind up about this. My problem has always been that it was just taking the criminal law into an area of activity where it didn't really belong."[73] However, in December 2012 Owen Paterson, the Environment Secretary, said that there was no immediate likelihood of winning a Commons vote to make hunting legal again and that supporters of hunting would need to do "more work" to win over sceptical MPs.[74]

Proposed Conservative amendments

The 2015 Conservative Government proposed "technical" amendments to the Act. These were officially postponed on 14 July 2015.[75]

At the 2017 election Theresa May pledged to hold a free vote on repealing the Hunting Act if the Conservative Party won a majority.[76] These plans were scrapped in January 2018.[77]

At the 2019 election the Conservative Party announced that they would not make any changes to the Hunting Act leading to suggestions that the Conservatives would no longer oppose the Hunting Ban.[78][79][80]

Applicability and exemptions

The Countryside Alliance note that "The Act makes it an offence to hunt a mouse with a dog but not a rat, you can legally hunt a rabbit but not a hare. You can flush a fox to guns with two dogs legally but if you use three it's an offence. You can flush a fox to a bird of prey with as many dogs as you like."[81]

Hare coursing

Main article: Hare coursing

In a private prosecution under the Act brought by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) who had observed two hare coursing events in villages near Malton, North Yorkshire in March 2007 organised by the Yorkshire Greyhound Field Trialling Club, the District Judge in Scarborough magistrates court clarified that the club was mistaken in believing that because the dogs they had been using were muzzled, the practice was legal.[82]

Flushing wild mammals to guns

Traditionally, in some upland areas, foxes were flushed by packs of dogs to be shot.[83] This activity is still permitted in Scotland under the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002.[14] However MPs, in making law for England and Wales, decided that this activity did result in unnecessary suffering, not least because it is more difficult to control a large number of hounds in dense woodland where this activity used to take place.[84]

This exemption was claimed by one stag hound packs in the Exmoor area. In an appeal judgment following the conviction of two stag hunt officials, the judge said that such hunting conducted primarily for recreation was illegal.[85]

Flushing a fox to a bird of prey

Many traditional hunts have bought birds of prey and say that they are using hounds to flush foxes so that the bird of prey can hunt them. The Act requires that the intention must be "for the purpose of enabling a bird of prey to hunt the wild mammal".[86] Many experts, such as the Hawk Board, deny that any bird of prey can reasonably be used in the British countryside to kill a fox which has been flushed by (and is being chased by) a pack of hounds. If this view proves to be correct, then it is unlikely that such a use of dogs is lawful.[87]

Expert opinion on the limitations of flushing foxes to birds of prey will be available to advise courts considering such cases, when they are litigated. For now, the question of what is lawful remains to be determined.

Hunting below ground

Hunting below ground takes place with terriers. The Act outlaws hunting with terriers (also known as terrier work) with a narrowly drawn exemption, described by the Minister, Alun Michael MP as existing "for gamekeepers".[88] The Act requires that any hunting below ground must comply with a number of conditions:

  • The activity must be carried out "for the purpose of preventing or reducing serious damage to gamebirds or wild birds which a person is keeping or preserving for the purpose of their being shot."
  • The person using the dog must have with them written evidence that the land used belongs to them or that they have been given permission to use the land by the occupier. This permission must be shown immediately to a police officer on request.
  • Only one dog may be used underground at any one time.
  • Reasonable steps must be taken to ensure that:
    • the mammal is flushed as soon as found,
    • the mammal is shot as soon as flushed,
    • the manner in which the dog is used complies with a code of practice, and the dog must be under sufficient control so as not to prevent this, and
    • the dog is not injured.[86]

Despite this, many fox hunts continue to use terriers on a regular basis. Three people, not associated with hunts, have pleaded guilty to offences under the Hunting Act 2004 for hunting with terriers and a fourth was found guilty after a trial.[89]

Hunting mice, rats and rabbits

The Hunting Act 2004 bans some hunting but permits some activities believed to be necessary for land managers. Parliament accepted the view that the hunting of pests such as rats and rabbits was legitimate.[90] MPs did not believe that there was any necessity to use dogs to hunt mice.[91]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 16 of this Act.
  2. ^ The Hunting Act 2004, section 17
  3. ^ The Hunting Act 2004, section 15
  4. ^ a b c "Director of Public Prosecutions (Crown Prosecution Service CCU South West) v Anthony Wright; The Queen on the Application of Maurice Scott, Peter Heard & Donald Summersgill v Taunton Deane Magistrates' Court [2009] EWHC 105 (Admin)". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  5. ^ "Official Report, Commons". House of Commons. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  6. ^ "Protection of Badgers Act 1992". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  7. ^ The National Archives: "Wild Mammals (Protection) Act 1996: Section 2: Exceptions from offence under the Act."
  8. ^ "Timeline: attempts to ban hunting - Special Reports - guardian.co.uk Politics". politics.theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  9. ^ "Wild Mammals and the Law - Northumberland Wildlife Trust". www.nwt.org.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b Tichelar, M. (2006). "'Putting Animals into Politics: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century". Rural History. 17 (2): 213–234. doi:10.1017/S0956793306001889.
  11. ^ Scott Henderson (1951). "Report of the Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ "Timeline: Hunting row". BBC. 17 February 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  13. ^ Fletcher, J. "Executive Sovereignty in our Constitution" (PDF). Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  14. ^ a b "Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act". HMSO. 2002. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  15. ^ a b "The Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs in England and Wales". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 9 June 2000. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Fox hunting worldwide". BBC News. 16 September 1999. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  17. ^ "The Labour Party's Manifesto 1997". BBC. 1997. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  18. ^ "How hunting ban went to the dogs". BBC. 9 July 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  19. ^ Burns, T. (12 March 2001). "Official Report, Lords". House of Lords. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  20. ^ "Hunt battle set to return". BBC. 17 June 2001. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  21. ^ "Hunting Hearings". Defra. 10 December 2002. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  22. ^ "Hunting vote sparks angry scenes". BBC. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  23. ^ "Lords rejects hunting ban". BBC. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  24. ^ "Pro-hunt protesters storm Commons". BBC News. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  25. ^ Holliday, John (28 September 2004). "Pride not prejudice". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Fox hunting ban looks inevitable". BBC. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  27. ^ Baroness Royall of Blaisdon (8 April 2010). "Parliament Acts". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. col. 462–463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ Bremner, Charles; Robertson, David (28 January 2005). "High Court upholds Hunting ban". The Times. London. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  29. ^ "Hunters fall prey to Parliament". BBC. 19 November 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  30. ^ The Interpretation Act 1978, section 5 and Schedule 1
  31. ^ Hare v Gocher [1962] 2 QB 641, [1962] 2 All ER 673; Trow v Ind Coope (West Midlands) Ltd [1967] 2 QB 899 at 909, [1967] 2 All ER 900, CA.
  32. ^ "Jackson and others v. Her Majesty's Attorney General UKHL 56". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 13 October 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  33. ^ "Legal challenges update" (PDF). Countryside Alliance. 19 July 2005.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ "The Countryside Alliance and others v. H.M. Attorney General and others [2005] EWHC 1677 (Admin)". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 29 July 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  35. ^ "R. (oao The Countryside Alliance; oao Derwin and others) v. Her Majesty's Attorney General and Secretary of State of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [2006] EWCA Civ 817". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  36. ^ "R (oao Countryside Alliance and others (Appellants)) v Her Majesty's Attorney General and another (Respondents) [2007] UKHL 52". House of Lords. December 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  37. ^ "Press release issued by the Registrar". ECHR. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  38. ^ "Friend and Others v. the United Kingdom (dec.)".
  39. ^ "The Hunting Act 2004, section 6".
  40. ^ "New survey shows hunting in good heart". Countryside Alliance. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  41. ^ "Convictions: Hunting". Hansard. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  42. ^ "The hunting act: A website for enforcement professionals". Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  43. ^ "RSPCA to prosecute Heythrop huntsman". Horse and Hound. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  44. ^ "We'll provide evidence to show some hunts are breaking the law". Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  45. ^ "Report: The 2010/2011 Hunting Season" (PDF). League Against Cruel Sports. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^ "Man found guilty of illegal fox hunting". The Guardian. London. 4 August 2006.
  47. ^ "Huntsman relieved as fox case is dropped". Oxford Mail. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  48. ^ a b "Two Fernie Hunt employees are found guilty of digging fox out of sett". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013.
  49. ^ "Hunt appeal dismissed, with VIDEO". Lutterworth Mail. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  50. ^ "Sussex hunt drops court case against activists".
  51. ^ Bowcott, Owen (14 May 2012). "Hunt members found guilty of illegally pursuing fox with hounds". The Guardian. London.
  52. ^ "UPDATE: Heythrop found guilty of illegal fox hunting". Oxford Mail. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  53. ^ Davies, Caroline (17 December 2012). "David Cameron's local hunt convicted after RSPCA prosecution". The Guardian. London.
  54. ^ "Heythrop Hunt members admit illegal fox hunting". BBC News. 17 December 2012.
  55. ^ Grant, Gavin (19 December 2012). "Why the RSPCA pursued a Heythrop Hunt prosecution". The Guardian. London.
  56. ^ Butcher, A. (14 April 2009). "Case dropped against hunting men arrested in dawn raids in 2007". Horse and Hound. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  57. ^ "Cleared huntsman criticises waste of money". Cumberland and Westmoreland Herald. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ "Somerset man pleads guilty to hunting fox with dogs". BBC. London. 13 September 2013.
  59. ^ "Poll" (PDF). Yougov.
  60. ^ "Attitudes to the Hunting Ban". Ipsos Mori. 16 February 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  61. ^ "Public Opinion on Hunting".
  62. ^ "Public Opinion on Hunting". Ipsos MORI. 26 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  63. ^ Wainwright, Martin (25 December 2012). "Most Britons support fox hunting ban, survey finds". The Guardian. London. Poll before Boxing Day meets shows 76% are against moves to make fox hunting legal, rising to 81% for deer hunting
  64. ^ "Fox hunting opposition hits all-time high, latest poll finds". 25 December 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  65. ^ "9 out of 10 voters oppose Tory manisfesto pledge on fox hunting". 26 May 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  66. ^ "Home page". Conservatives Against Fox Hunting. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  67. ^ "Ann Widdecombe MP, Maidstone and The Weald". The Public Whip. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  68. ^ "The Hunting Act must go - Countryside Alliance". 11 May 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  69. ^ Evans, Rob; Booth, Robert (17 October 2012). "Princely opinions: Charles has his say about the running of Britain". The Guardian. London.
  70. ^ "NFU position on foxhunting". NFU (National Farmers Union). NFU (National Farmers Union). Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  71. ^ "Policy-by-policy: The coalition government's plans". BBC News. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  72. ^ Sinclair, Andres (4 November 2010). "No plans for hunting ban vote before 2012, MPs say". BBC News Online.
  73. ^ Hope, Christopher (13 January 2012). "Cull of thousands of badgers will be 'difficult to police' warns David Cameron". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  74. ^ Kirkup, James (26 December 2012). "Hunting ban will not be repealed, Tories admit". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
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72 .http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/1735356.print/ RSPCA vs Heythrop Hunt: 2012

73 https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/14/hunt-members-guilty-fox-hounds?newsfeed=true 74 https://web.archive.org/web/20121004145808/http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/competitionnews/392/286742.html

UK Legislation

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