Turkestan Autonomy
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Turkestan Autonomy | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_Autonomy.svg) Flag | |||||||||
| Anthem: National anthem of Turkestan | |||||||||
 Political map of Central Asia in early 1918. Turkestan Autonomy (in dark blue color). | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
| Capital | Kokand | ||||||||
| Common languages | Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Russian Uzbek | ||||||||
| Religion | Secular state | ||||||||
| Government | Republic | ||||||||
| Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||
• Established | 27 November 1917[a] | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 22 February 1918 | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1918 | Almost 5 million[citation needed] | ||||||||
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| Today part of |  Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan | ||||||||
The Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an unrecognized state[citation needed] in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917[a] and existed until 22 February 1918.[citation needed] It was a secular republic,[citation needed] headed by a president.[2]
It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were Muslims.[citation needed] It was the first democratic state in the history of Central Asia.[citation needed] The capital of the state was Kokand, which until then was the capital of the Kokand Khanate. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Russian. The population was about 5 million people,[citation needed] mostly Uzbeks and Kazakhs, as well as Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Russians and others.[citation needed]
History
The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the Russian Empire, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the Semirechye, Syr-Darya and Fergana Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the Alash Autonomy, from the east on the Republic of China, from the south on the Emirate of Afghanistan, from the south-west on the Emirate of Bukhara, on the west and north-west on the Soviet Central Asian Regions.
The state was created by Jadids and Kadimis. The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918,[1] on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population.[1] This was a good decision[according to whom?] – such a parliament would undoubtedly unite all citizens of Turkestan and would become an insurmountable obstacle for the Bolsheviks.[citation needed] The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan.[citation needed]
In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into Soviet Russia, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of Konstantin Osipov arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only 3 months after its creation. it was replaced by Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[citation needed]
In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state.[2] The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay.[2]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b November 28 in Kazakh-language sources.[clarification needed][1]
References
- ^ a b c Dauletbayeva, Altynzer (2017). "Turkestan Autonomy and legends about Mustafa Shokay". e-history.kz. Ministry of Information and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- ^ a b c Bergne, Paul (2003). "The Kokand Autonomy 1917–1918". In Everett-Heath, Tom (ed.). Central Asia: Aspects of Transition. Psychology Press. p. 30–44. ISBN 978-0-7007-0957-1.
- Turkiston Muxtoriyati — National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan