Restitution
The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery. It is to be contrasted with the law of compensation, which is the law of loss-based recovery. When a court orders restitution it orders the defendant to give up his/her gains to the claimant. When a court orders compensation it orders the defendant to pay the claimant for his or her loss.
American Jurisprudence 2d edition notes:
The word "restitution" was used in the earlier common law to denote the return or restoration of a specific thing or condition. In modern legal usage, its meaning has frequently been extended to include not only the restoration or giving back of something to its rightful owner and returning to the status quo but also compensation, reimbursement, indemnification, or reparation for benefits derived from, or for loss or injury caused to, another. In summary, therefore, the word "restitution" means the relinquishment of a benefit or the return of money or other property obtained through an improper means to the person from whom the property was taken.[1]
Restitution may be either a legal remedy or an equitable remedy, "depend[ing] upon the basis for the plaintiff's claim and the nature of the underlying remedies sought".[1] Generally, restitution and Equitable tracing is an equitable remedy when the money or property wrongfully in the possession of defendant is traceable (i.e., can be tied to "particular funds or property"). In such a case, restitution comes in the form of a constructive trust or equitable lien.[1]
Where the particular property at issue cannot be particularly identified, restitution is a legal remedy. This occurs, for example, when the plaintiff "seeks a judgment imposing personal liability to pay a sum of money".[1] Unjust enrichment and quantum meruit are sometimes identified as types of a disgorgement legal remedies.[1]
This type of damages restores the benefit conferred to the non-breaching party. Put simply, the plaintiff will get the value of whatever was conferred to the defendant when there was a contract. There are two general limits to recovery, which is that a complete breach of contract is needed, and the damages will be capped at the contract price if the restitution damages exceed it.
The orthodox view suggests that there is only one principle on which the law of restitution is dependent, namely the principle of unjust enrichment.[2][3] However, the view that restitution, like other legal responses, can be triggered by any one of a variety of causative events is increasingly prevalent. These are events in the real world which trigger a legal response. It is beyond doubt that unjust enrichment and wrongs can trigger an obligation to make restitution. Certain commentators propose that there is a third basis for restitution, namely the vindication of property rights with which the defendant has interfered.[4] It is arguable that other types of causative event can also trigger an obligation to make restitution.
For wrongs
| Judicial remedies |
|---|
| Legal remedies (Damages) |
| Equitable remedies |
| Related issues |
Imagine that A commits a wrong against B and B sues in respect of that wrong. A will certainly be liable to pay compensation to B. If B seeks compensation then the court award will be measured by reference to the loss that B has suffered as a result of A's wrongful act. However, in certain circumstances it will be open to B to seek restitution rather than compensation. It will be in his interest to do so if the profit that A made by his wrongful act is greater than the loss suffered by B.
Whether or not a claimant can seek restitution for a wrong depends to a large extent on the particular wrong in question. For example, in English law, restitution for breach of fiduciary duty is widely available but restitution for breach of contract is fairly exceptional. The wrong could be of any one of the following types:
Notice that (1)-(5) are all causative events (see above). The law responds to each of them by imposing an obligation to pay compensatory damages. Restitution for wrongs is the subject which deals with the issue of when exactly the law also responds by imposing an obligation to make restitution.
Example
In Attorney General v Blake,[6] an English court found itself faced with the following claim. The defendant had made a profit somewhere in the region of £60,000 as a direct result of breaching his contract with the claimant. The claimant was undoubtedly entitled to claim compensatory damages but had suffered little or no identifiable loss. It therefore decided to seek restitution for the wrong of breach of contract. The claimant won the case and the defendant was ordered to pay over his profits to the claimant. However, the court was careful to point out that the normal legal response to a breach of contract is to award compensation. An order to make restitution was said to be available only in exceptional circumstances.
To reverse unjust enrichment
Cases of intentional torts or breaches of fiduciary duty often allow for claims of unjust enrichment, as well as cases of statutory torts and breaches of contract. A plaintiff can even have a claim in unjust enrichment when there is no other substantive claim. The Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") entitles a buyer who defaults restitution of the buyer's deposit to the extent it exceeds reasonable liquidated damages or actual damages.[7] If the contract does not have a liquidated damages clause, the UCC provides a statutory sum: 20% of the price or $500, whichever is less, and the buyer who defaulted is entitled to restitution of any excess.
United Nations level
- The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) - Working Group on Asset Recovery
- The UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations[8]
- The World Bank - Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR)[9]
See also
- Blood money
- English unjust enrichment law
- Equity (legal concept)
- Quasi-contract
- Restitution (theology)
- Legal remedy
- Reparation (legal)
- Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany, Holocaust reparations
- World War I reparations, made from Germany due to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles
- Reparations for slavery debate in the United States
- Reparations (website)
- War reparations
- Reparations for slavery
- Slavery reparations scam
- The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America
- Reparations (transitional justice)
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Bourdeau, John. "1". Restitution and Implied Contracts. Am. Jur. 2d. Vol. 66. OCLC 424543049.
- ^ Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1.
- ^ Goff, Robert; Jones, Gareth H. (2002). The Law of Restitution. London: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-421-82820-9.
- ^ Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1.
- ^ Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14; (1983) 151 CLR 447.
- ^ "Attorney General v Blake". LexisNexis.
- ^ "UCC §2-718". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "UNCAC Coalition website". United Nations. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR)". The World Bank. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Further reading
- Mitchell, Charles; Mitchell, Paul (2006). Landmark Cases in the Law of Restitution. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-093-4.
- Birks, Peter (13 January 2005). Unjust Enrichment. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-101885-5.
- Burrows, Andrew S.; McKendrick, Ewan; Edelman, James (2007). Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929651-4.
- Butt, Daniel (2009). Rectifying International Injustice: Principles of Compensation and Restitution Between Nations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921824-0.
