Tsuyama massacre

Tsuyama massacre
Tsuyama massacre
	Mutsuo Toi, the 21-year-old responsible for the Tsuyama massacre, pictured before 1938
Location	Kamo, Tsuyama, Okayama Prefecture, Empire of Japan
Date	21 May 1938 ; 1:30 a.m. – 3:00 a.m.
Target	Villagers
Attack type	Mass murder, murder-suicide
Weapons	Remington M11 shotgun, Japanese sword, axe
Deaths	31 (including the perpetrator)
Injured	3
Perpetrator	Mutsuo Toi
Motive	Revenge for perceived sexual and social rejection

35°14′52.8″N 134°02′22.2″E / 35.248000°N 134.039500°E / 35.248000; 134.039500

The Tsuyama massacre (津山事件, Tsuyama jiken) was a revenge spree killing that occurred on 21 May 1938 in the rural village of Kamo close to Tsuyama in Okayama, Empire of Japan.

Mutsuo Toi (都井睦雄, Toi Mutsuo), a 21-year-old man, killed 30 people,^[1] including his grandmother, with a Browning shotgun, katana, and axe, and seriously injured three others before killing himself with the shotgun. It is the deadliest shooting by a lone gunman in Japanese history.

Massacre

Mutsuo Toi cut the electricity line to the village of Kamo on the evening of 20 May, which left the community in darkness. At around 1:30 a.m. on 21 May, he killed his 76-year-old grandmother by decapitating her with an axe.^[2] Then he strapped two flashlights to his head and prowled through the village like a youth engaged in "night-crawling" or "Yobai" (夜這い), entering the homes of his neighbours. He killed 29 neighbours (27 of whom died at the scene of the incident, while two others were fatally wounded, dying of their injuries later)^[3] and seriously injured three others in about an hour and half using a Browning shotgun, a Japanese sword and an axe. This was almost half of the residents of the small community.^[2] At dawn he committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest.^[4]

Mutsuo Toi

Mutsuo Toi (都井睦雄, Toi Mutsuo, 5 March 1917 – 21 May 1938) was born in Okayama Prefecture to well-off parents. His parents died of tuberculosis when he was a baby, so he and his sister were brought up by their grandmother. He was originally outgoing, but at the age of 17 he became socially withdrawn after his sister married in 1934.

He was interested in the story of Sada Abe, the prostitute who, in May 1936, strangled her lover then severed his genitals. He had started writing a novel, Yūtokaiōmaru (雄図海王丸).^{[citation needed]}

He took part in "Yobai" (夜這い) or "night-crawling", a rural custom which involved creeping into young women's bedrooms during the night to seek sexual intercourse.^[3]

From his suicide notes it appears that after May 1937 when he was diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis, the young women in the village rejected his sexual advances.

Location

The massacre was carried out in the small village of Kamocho Kurami, in the now city of Tsuyama, hence the name. The village has since been merged with different towns and cities over the years due to depopulation. The villages population at the time of the massacre was 23 households and 111 people, but as of 2010 is 13 households and 37 people. After the massacre, some families moved away. Most of the residents in the village are now over 65 years old, and it said no one has moved to Kurami since the massacre.

The house that Mutsuo Toi lived in was demolished in 2015, after sitting abandoned for years. The coordinates of this location are at the top of the page.

Suicide notes

Toi left several long notes which revealed that he was concerned about the social impact of his tuberculosis, which in the 1930s was an incurable fatal illness. He felt that his female neighbours became cold towards him once they knew of his illness, and that he was despised as hypersexual, and he also stated in the notes that neighbours insulted and treated him badly after he was found to have tuberculosis.

For revenge, he decided to enter their homes and kill them. He waited for the time when the women returned to their houses. The authorities were concerned, and his gun license was revoked. He however prepared swords and guns secretly.

He regretted that he would not be able to shoot some people he wanted to, as that would have involved killing people he regarded as innocent. He also wrote that he killed his grandmother because he could not bear leaving her alive to face the shame and social stigma that would be associated with being a "murderer's grandmother".

Film

The 1983 Japanese film, Ushimitsu no mura (Village of Doom), was based on the massacre. It stars Masato Furuoya as Tsugio Inumaru, an emotionally distraught young man who goes on a violent killing spree after his tuberculosis keeps him from serving in World War II. Furuoya committed suicide by hanging on 25 March of 2003, 22 years after the film's release. ^[5]

References

Notes

^ 理不尽な凶行、遺族ら「無念」…秋葉原無差別殺傷事件 (in Japanese). Sports Hochi. 2008-06-09. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ ^a ^b ForeignPolicy.Com The List: The World’s Worst Shooting Rampages Kaio, Japan Mutsuo Toi, a 21-year-old from a wealthy family, had been shunned by women and rejected from military service for having tuberculosis. Finally one night, he snapped. He cut the electricity to his village, bound two flashlights to his head, and shot or stabbed nearly half of the small community over the course of 90 minutes before then shooting himself at dawn. Before embarking on his rampage, he decapitated his grandmother with an ax. Aftermath: Toi left notes complaining of being ostracized for his disease. His bizarre attack has inspired at least four books, several films, and at least one play. Until 1982, his rampage was known as the world’s worst massacre by a single individual."Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)(subscription required)
^ ^a ^b 津山事件 (in Japanese). 無限回廊. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ "LUNATIC KILLS 27 IN JAPAN; Young Man Shoots Sleeping Men, Women and Children". The New York Times. May 22, 1938. Retrieved 22 April 2009.(subscription required)
^ tokyoguy. "Furuoya's Death Believed Suicide | Japan Zone". Retrieved 2020-07-23.

Bibliography

Serial and Mass Murder: Theory, Research and Policy, Thomas O'Reilly- Fleming (Editor), Canadian Scholars Press (1995), ISBN 1-55130-066-4
Tsukuba, Akira. 津山三十人殺し―日本犯罪史上空前の惨劇, Tōkyō: Shinchōsha, 2005 ISBN 978-4-10-121841-0

[1] 理不尽な凶行、遺族ら「無念」…秋葉原無差別殺傷事件 (in Japanese). Sports Hochi. 2008-06-09. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.

[FP-2] ForeignPolicy.Com The List: The World’s Worst Shooting Rampages Kaio, Japan Mutsuo Toi, a 21-year-old from a wealthy family, had been shunned by women and rejected from military service for having tuberculosis. Finally one night, he snapped. He cut the electricity to his village, bound two flashlights to his head, and shot or stabbed nearly half of the small community over the course of 90 minutes before then shooting himself at dawn. Before embarking on his rampage, he decapitated his grandmother with an ax. Aftermath: Toi left notes complaining of being ostracized for his disease. His bizarre attack has inspired at least four books, several films, and at least one play. Until 1982, his rampage was known as the world’s worst massacre by a single individual."Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)(subscription required)

[津山事件-3] 津山事件 (in Japanese). 無限回廊. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.

[4] "LUNATIC KILLS 27 IN JAPAN; Young Man Shoots Sleeping Men, Women and Children". The New York Times. May 22, 1938. Retrieved 22 April 2009.(subscription required)

[5] tokyoguy. "Furuoya's Death Believed Suicide | Japan Zone". Retrieved 2020-07-23.

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