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Armand Hammer

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This article is about the American industrialist. For his great-grandson and actor, see Armie Hammer. For the home-products brand, see Arm & Hammer (brand). For the hip hop group, see Armand Hammer (music group).
Armand Hammer
Hammer in 1982
Born(1898-05-25)May 25, 1898
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedDecember 10, 1990(1990-12-10) (aged 92)
Los Angeles, California
NationalityUnited States
Alma materColumbia University (B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921)
OccupationBusiness magnate
Known forOccidental Petroleum
Spouse(s)Olga Vadina Von Root (1927–1943; divorced; 1 child)
Angela Carey Zevely (?–1954; divorced)
Frances Barrett Tolman (1956–1989; her death)
Parent(s)Julius Hammer
Rose Lifschitz Hammer
RelativesVictor Hammer (brother)
Michael Armand Hammer (grandson)
Armie Hammer (great-grandson)

Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898[2] – December 10, 1990) was an American business manager and owner, most closely associated with Occidental Petroleum, a company he ran from 1957[3] until his death, though he was known as well for his art collection, his philanthropy, and for his close ties to the Soviet Union.

Hammer's business interests around the world and his "citizen diplomacy" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates.

He appeared frequently on television, commenting on international relations or agitating for research into a cure for cancer. As of 2016, he has been the subject of six biographies—in 1975 (Considine, authorized biography), 1985 (Bryson, coffee table book), Weinberg 1989, Blumay 1992, Epstein 1996, and Alef 2009; and two autobiographies (1932 and a best seller in 1987). His art collection[4][5] and his philanthropic projects[6] were the subject of numerous publications as well.

Early life

Hammer was born in New York City, to Russian-born Jewish immigrants, Julius and Rose (Lifschitz) Hammer.[1][7][8] His father came to the United States from Odessa in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine) in 1875, and settled in the Bronx, where he ran a general medical practice and five drugstores.

Hammer claimed that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in La Dame aux Camélias, a novel by Alexandre Dumas, fils. According to other sources, Hammer was named after the "arm and hammer" graphic symbol of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), in which his father had a leadership role.[9] (After the Russian Revolution, a part of the SLP under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the Communist Party USA.) Later in his life, Hammer confirmed that this was the origin of his given name.[2]

Hammer attended Morris High School, Columbia College (B.A., 1919) where he was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity, and then attended medical school at Columbia (M.D., 1921).

In Hammer's final year of medical school he was set to enter a residency at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, but events altered his plans.[10]

Father's imprisonment

Due to socialist and communist activities Hammer's father Julius had been put under federal surveillance.[11] On July 5, 1919 federal agents witnessed Marie Oganesoff (the 33-year-old Russian wife of a former tsarist diplomat) enter Julius' medical office located in a wing of his Bronx home.[11] Oganesoff "who had accumulated a life-threatening history of miscarriages, abortions, and poor health, was pregnant and wanted to terminate her pregnancy."[11] The surgical procedure took place in the midst of a great flu epidemic.[12] Six days after the abortion Oganesoff died of pneumonia.[12] Four weeks after her death a Bronx County grand jury indicted Dr. Julius Hammer for first-degree manslaughter.[11] The following summer a criminal prosecutor convinced a jury that Julius Hammer had let his patient "die like a dog" and that the claims that she had actually died from complications due to influenza were mere attempts to cover up his crime.[11] In 1920 a judge sentenced Julius Hammer to 3 and a half years in Sing Sing prison.[11][13]

While most historians (such as Beverly Gage[14] and Nigel West[15]) state that Julius had performed the abortion, an opposing position has been put forward by author Edward Jay Epstein. Epstein in his book Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer puts forward the claim that it was Armand Hammer rather than his father who performed the abortion and his father Julius assumed the blame.[10] Epstein's claims come from interview comments made by Bettye Murphy who had been Armand's mistress.[16] According to Murphy and Epstein's account the legal strategy was that Julius did not deny that an abortion had been performed, but insisted that it had been medically necessary, and that a licensed doctor rather than a medical student would be more convincing in presenting that argument.[17] Epstein's take on events remains controversial and a minority position.

After Julius was imprisoned he sent Armand Hammer to the Soviet Union to look after the affairs of his company Allied Drug and Chemical.[10] Hammer would travel back and forth from the Soviet Union for the next 10 years.[10]

When his father was sentenced to prison Hammer and his brothers took Allied Drug, the family business, to new heights, reselling equipment they had bought at depressed prices at the end of World War I. According to Hammer, his first business success was in 1919, manufacturing and selling a ginger extract which legally contained high levels of alcohol. This was extremely popular during prohibition, and the company had $1 million in sales that year.

Years in the Soviet Union

In 1921, while waiting for his internship to begin at Bellevue Hospital, Hammer went to the Soviet Union for a trip that lasted until late 1930.[18] Although his career in medicine was cut short, he relished being referred to as "Dr. Hammer." Hammer's intentions in the 1921 trip have been debated since. He has claimed that he originally intended to recoup $150,000 in debts for drugs shipped during the Allied intervention, but was soon moved by a capitalistic and philanthropic interest in selling wheat to the then-starving Russians.[19] In his passport application, Hammer stated that he intended to visit only western Europe.[20] J. Edgar Hoover in the Justice Department knew this was false, but Hammer was allowed to travel anyway.[21] A skeptical U.S. government watched him through this trip, and for the rest of his life.

Career

After graduating from medical school, Hammer extended earlier entrepreneurial ventures with a successful business importing many goods from and exporting pharmaceuticals to the newly formed Soviet Union, together with his younger brother Victor. According to Hammer, on his initial trip, he took $60,000 in medical supplies to aid in a typhus epidemic, and made a deal with Lenin for furs and caviars in exchange for a shipment of surplus American wheat. He moved to the USSR in the 1920s to oversee these operations, especially his large business manufacturing and exporting pens and pencils.

According to Alexander Barmine, who was assigned by the Central Committee to run the Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga company to compete with Hammer, the stationery concession was actually granted to Dr. Julius Hammer.[22] According to Barmine the party spent five million gold rubles on stationery supplies made in factories controlled by Julius Hammer and other concessionaires making them rich.[23] The Soviets were eventually able to duplicate certain items such as typewriter parts and pens and end those concessions but were never able to match the quality of Hammer's pencils so that concession became permanent according to Barmine.[24]

In his 1983 book Red Carpet, author Joseph Finder discusses Hammer's "extensive involvement with Russia."[25] In "Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer," Edward Jay Epstein called Hammer "a virtual spy" for the Soviet Union.[26]

After returning to the U.S., Hammer entered into a diverse array of business, art, cultural, and humanitarian endeavors, including investing in various U.S. oil production efforts. These oil investments were later parlayed into control of Occidental Petroleum. National Geographic described Occidental chairman Hammer as "a pioneer in the synfuels boom."[27] Throughout his life he continued personal and business dealings with the Soviet Union, despite the Cold War. In later years he lobbied and traveled extensively at great personal expense, working for peace between the United States and the Communist countries of the world, including ferrying physicians and supplies into the Soviet Union to help Chernobyl survivors. [citation needed] In his book The Prize, Daniel Yergin writes that Hammer "ended up as a go-between five Soviet General Secretaries and seven U.S. Presidents."[28]

Politically, Hammer was a supporter of the Republican party. He boosted Richard Nixon's presidential campaign with $54,000 in campaign contributions. He pleaded guilty to charges that one of these donations had been made illegally and received probation and a $3000 fine,[29] but was later pardoned by Republican U.S. President George H. W. Bush.[30]

Hammer purchased Knoedler, the oldest art gallery in America, in 1971.[31]According to Knoedler's Vice President in charge of 19th- and 20th-century painting, John Richardson,[32] "Hammer knew and cared as much about art as Al Capone".[33] He was a collector of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. His personal donation forms the core of the permanent collection of the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, California. Together with his brother Victor, he was the owner of the famed "Hammer Galleries" in New York City.[34][35][36]

Sign of the Armand Hammer Golf Course in Holmby Park in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles

Hammer was a philanthropist, supporting causes related to education, medicine, and the arts. Among his legacies is the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (now generally called the UWC-USA, part of the United World Colleges). By the time of his death, Hammer had won the Soviet Union's Order of Friendship of Peoples, the U.S. National Medal of Arts (1987), France's Legion of Honor, Italy's Grand Order of Merit, Sweden's Royal Order of the Polar Star, Austria's Knight Commander's Cross, Pakistan's Hilal-i-Quaid-Azam Peace Award, Israel's Leadership Award, Venezuela's Order of Andrés Bello, Mexico's National Recognition Award, Bulgaria's Jubilee Medal, and Belgium's Order of the Crown.[37] Hammer hungered for a Nobel Peace Prize, and was repeatedly nominated for one, including by Menachem Begin,[38] but never won.

In 1986, Forbes magazine estimated his net worth at $200 million.[39]

Hammer made a guest appearance on a 1988 episode of The Cosby Show (as the grandfather of a friend of Theo Huxtable's who was suffering from cancer), saying that a cure for cancer was imminent.[40]

Hammer's association with the Gore family

Occidental's coal interests were represented for many years by attorney and former U.S. Senator Albert Arnold Gore, Sr., among others. Gore, who had a longtime close friendship with Hammer, became the head of the subsidiary Island Creek Coal Company, upon his election loss in the Senate. Much of Occidental's coal and phosphate production was in Tennessee, the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company. Former Vice President Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. received much criticism from environmentalists, when the shares passed to the estate after the death of Albert Gore, Sr., and Albert Gore, Jr. was a son and the executor of the estate.[41][42] Albert Gore Jr. did not exercise control over the shares, which were eventually sold when the estate closed.[43][44]

Hammer was very fond of Albert Gore, Jr., and in 1984 under Hammer's guidance Gore, Jr. sought Tennessee's senate office previously held by Howard Baker. Hammer supposedly promised Gore, Sr. that he could make his son the president of the United States. It was under Hammer's encouragement and support that Gore Jr. sought the Democratic Party presidential nomination in 1988.[45][46]

Arm & Hammer

In the 1980s Hammer owned a considerable amount of stock in Church & Dwight, the company that manufactures Arm & Hammer products; he also served on its board of directors. However, the Arm & Hammer company's brand name did not originate with Armand Hammer. It was in use some 31 years before Hammer was born.[47]

Personal life

Hammer was the middle child of three boys. He had close relationships, including business relationships, with his brothers, Harry and Victor Hammer, throughout their lives. He married three times, first in 1927, to a Russian actress, Olga Von Root, the daughter of a czarist general.[48][49] In 1943, he was married to Angela Zevely. In 1956, he married the wealthy widow Frances Barrett, and they remained married until her death in 1989.[50] He had only one child, a son named Julian Armand Hammer,[51] by his first wife.[52] Hammer's grandson is businessman Michael Armand Hammer and his great-grandson is actor Armie Hammer.

Hammer died of bone marrow cancer in December 1990, aged 92 in Los Angeles, and was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, across the street from his Occidental building on Wilshire Boulevard.

The Armand Hammer Family Tomb in Westwood Memorial Park, Westwood, Los Angeles, California

Further reading

  • Dark Side of Power: The Real Armand Hammer, by Carl Blumay, Simon & Schuster, November 1992, ISBN 978-0-671-70053-9
  • Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders (pp. 533–36), by John N. Ingham, Greenwood Press, 1983, ISBN 0-313-23908-8
  • Hammer: Odyssey of an Entrepreneur (book review)[53]
  • The Remarkable Life of Dr. Armand Hammer by Bob Considine
  • The Secret History of Armand Hammer by Edward Jay Epstein
  • Hammer by Armand Hammer with Neil Lyndon
  • Armand Hammer: The Untold Story by Steve Weinberg
  • Soti Triantafyllou "The Pencil Factory" (To Ergostassio ton Molivion), Greek edition, Patakis, 2000.

References

  1. ^ a b "Hammer". highbeam.com.
  2. ^ a b Armand Hammer, The Untold Story by Steve Weinberg, p. 16
  3. ^ "History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation". FundingUniverse.
  4. ^ The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces, published by the Armand Hammer Foundation in multiple editions (eventually becoming five centuries of masterpieces), sometimes in conjunction with museums where the collection was displayed.
  5. ^ Honore Daumier 1808–1879: The Armand Hammer Daumier Collection Incorporating a Collection from George Longstreet, 1981
  6. ^ Dreams & Promises: The Story of the Armand Hammer United World College : A Critical Analysis, Theodore Lockwood, 1997
  7. ^ Epstein, Edward Jay (1998). Dossier: the secret history of Armand Hammer. Orion Business. p. 34. ISBN 0-7528-1386-2.
  8. ^ Bradford Matsen (2011). "Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea". Pantheon Books. p. 47.
  9. ^ Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer, Edward Jay Epstein, 1996, p. 35
  10. ^ a b c d Joseph E. Persico (October 13, 1996). "The Last Tycoon". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Bradford Matsen (2011). Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea. Pantheon Books.
  12. ^ a b John N. Ingham (1983). Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
  13. ^ Katherine A.S. Siegel (1996). Loans and Legitimacy: The Evolution of Soviet-American Relations, 1919–1933. University Press of Kentucky.
  14. ^ Beverly Gage (2008). The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror. Oxford Press.
  15. ^ Nigel West (2007). Historical Dictionary of Cold War Counterintelligence. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  16. ^ Rachel Verdon (2012). Murder by Madness 9/11: The Government & the Goon Squad. CreateSpace Publishing.
  17. ^ Edward Jay Epstein. "Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer".
  18. ^ Armand Hammer, The Untold Story, Steve Weinberg, p. 77
  19. ^ Armand Hammer, The Untold Story, Steve Weinberg, p.43
  20. ^ Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer, Edward Jay Epstein, 1996, p. 45
  21. ^ Armand Hammer, The Untold Story, Steve Weinberg, p. 36
  22. ^ Barmine, Alexander (1945). One Who Survived. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 331.
  23. ^ Barmine, Alexander (1945). One Who Survived. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 157.
  24. ^ Barmine, Alexander (1945). One Who Survived. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 158.
  25. ^ New York Times, "What's New on the Corporate Bookshelf," July 31, 1983 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E0DF1139F932A05754C0A965948260
  26. ^ "A Virtual Spy: DOSSIER: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. By Edward J. Epstein (Random House: $30, 418 pp.)". Los Angeles Times.
  27. ^ Canby, Thomas Y. (February 1981). "Synfuels: Fill 'er up! With what?". National Geographic (special report on energy): 80.
  28. ^ Yergin, Daniel. The Prize, page 575. Simon & Schuster, 1991
  29. ^ Nizer, Lois. Reflections without Mirrors.
  30. ^ Rampe, David (August 15, 1989). "ARMAND HAMMER PARDONED BY BUSH". The New York Times.
  31. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/01/arts/150-years-of-helping-shape-a-nation-s-taste.html?
  32. ^ https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/richardsonj1924.htm
  33. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/01/arts/150-years-of-helping-shape-a-nation-s-taste.html?&pagewanted=all
  34. ^ "The Armand Hammer Collection". UCLA. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Hammer Icons". Time. 1937-08-16. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer, Edward Jay Epstein, 1996, p. 8
  37. ^ "The Unfinished Business of Armand Hammer; After A Lifetime in the Public Eye, He Still Worries About His Place in History", Donald Woutat, Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 7, 1987, p. 8
  38. ^ Excerpted All the Money in the World (14 September 2007). "Forbes 400 Members In Trouble With The Law". Forbes.
  39. ^ O'Connor, John J. (January 21, 1988). "TV Reviews; An Update On 'The Cosby Show'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  40. ^ "Gore's Oil Money". Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Frantz, Douglas (2000-03-19). "THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE VICE PRESIDENT; Gore Family's Ties to Oil Company Magnate Reap Big Rewards, and a Few Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  42. ^ "Campaigner's finances Where the presidential hopefuls have invested their fortunes may reveal something about the character of each". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Gore may be flawed, but message is sincere". USA Today. 2006-08-16. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  44. ^ Edward Jay Epstein, Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. NY: Orion Business, 1998.
  45. ^ “Like his father before him, Al Gore Jr.’s political career was lavishly sponsored by Hammer from the moment it began until Hammer died, only two years before Gore Clinton race for the White House in 1992.” Neil Lyndon, Hammer.
  46. ^ "The Straight Dope: Did tycoon Armand Hammer have anything to do with Arm & Hammer baking soda?". straightdope.com.
  47. ^ Considine, Bob (1975). The remarkable life of Dr. Armand Hammer. Harper & Row. p. 75. ISBN 0-06-010836-3.
  48. ^ "Reaches Into Her Gypsy Songbag For Tunes To Give To Posterity". Meriden Daily Journal. 1934-03-06. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  49. ^ "Frances Hammer, A Painter, Was 87; Wife of Industrialist, Peter Flint, The New York Times, December 19, 1989
  50. ^ "Miss Mobley Has Nuptials In Oklahoma". The New York Times. January 13, 1985. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  51. ^ Armand Hammer: The Untold Story, Steve Weinberg, p. 120
  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2016-05-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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