Ashavan
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Avestan ashavan (ašavan) is a Zoroastrian theological term. It literally means "possessing aša", hence "possessing truth" or "possessing righteousness", but has further implications:
- It is an epithet of Ahura Mazda[1] (Yasht 1.12). The term may then be applied to anything within the domain of Ahura Mazda and/or Aša (i.e. all of Creation), and excludes only that which is not drəgvant "possessing lie" (YAv: drvant).[2]
- With respect to mortals and in an eschatological and sotereological context, ašavan is also a quality that can be acquired in life. Then, having acquired the qualities of an ašavan, one becomes an ašavan (through "blessed union with aša") after death.[3] (See also: aša: in eschatology and sotereology). This sotereological meaning of ašavan is also evident in Xerxes' daiva inscription,[4] an Old Persian text (XPh, early 5th century BCE). This next-world meaning of ašavan is preserved in Middle Iranian languages as Pahlavi ahlav.
- Ašavan may be used to denote any follower of the "Good Religion." This is the most common use of ašavan, applicable to any who walk the "path of truth" (Yasna 68.12 and 68.13). In this context, Ašavan is frequently translated as "righteous person" or "blessed person." This general meaning of ašavan is preserved in Middle Iranian languages as Pahlavi ardav.
The linguistic cognate of Avestan ašavan is Vedic ŗtáavan, which however has some functional differences vis-à-vis the Zoroastrian term:
- The dichotomy of the ašavan and the drəgvant is not attested in the Vedas.[5]
- In Zoroastrianism any mortal may strive to possess aša, but in the Vedas, ŗtá is hidden from ordinary mortals and only initiated seers are allowed to possess it (become ŗtáavans).[4]
That the souls of the dead dwell in the radiant quarters of Truth (Yasna 16.7) has a Vedic parallel in which the seat of truth is located in the other world.[6]
References
- Citations
- ^ Grey 1926, p. 101.
- ^ Gnoli 1987, p. 705.
- ^ Gershevitch 1955, p. 483.
- ^ a b Gnoli 1987, p. 706.
- ^ Duchesne-Guillemin 1963, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Gershevitch 1964, p. 18.
- Works cited
- Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1963), "Heraclitus and Iran", History of Religions, 3 (1): 34–49, doi:10.1086/462470.
- Gershevitch, Ilya (1955), "Word and Spirit in Ossetic", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 17 (3): 478–489, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0011239X.
- Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 23 (1): 12–38, doi:10.1086/371754.
- Gnoli, Gerardo (1987), "Ašavan", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 705–706.
- Gray, Louis H. (1926), "List of the Divine and Demonic Epithets in the Avesta", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 46: 97–153, doi:10.2307/593793, JSTOR 593793.