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Banksia neoanglica

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New England Banksia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Banksia
Species:
B. neoanglica
Binomial name
Banksia neoanglica
(A.S.George) Stimpson & J.J.Bruhl[1]

Banksia neoanglica (formerly Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica, commonly known as New England Banksia), is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Queensland and New South Wales.

Description

As with the other varieties of B. spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), B. spinulosa var. spinulosa grows as a shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its leaves, flowers and fruit are all very similar to those of B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii, from which it differs in having a lignotuber.[2]

Taxonomy

See also: Taxonomy of Banksia

B. spinulosa var. neoanglica was collected numerous times prior to 1988, but was not recognised as a distinct taxon until 2012.[3] During collection for The Banksia Atlas project, volunteer collectors reported populations of B. spinulosa in northern New South Wales that were indistinguishable from B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii by their leaves, flowers and fruit, but unlike that variety it had a lignotuber. In 1988, Alex George decided to recognise these populations as a distinct taxon. He published B. spinulosa var. neoanglica based on a specimen collected on 6 April 1986 by Stephen Chapman Clemesha, from a location on the Ebor-Armidale Road, about a kilometre north of the turnoff to New England National Park. He gave it the specific epither neoanglica from the Latin neo ("new"), and anglica (England), in reference to the fact that its centre of distribution is in the New England Tableland.[4]

At the time of publication, B. spinulosa then comprised four varieties. Under George's arrangement of Banksia, the species was placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, section Oncostylis, series Spicigerae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. B. collina and B. cunninghamii were demoted to varieties of B. spinulosa, and as a result the name B. spinulosa var. spinulosa was used for the first time.[5]

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained B. spinulosa var. neoanglica as a distinct taxon, placing it between B. spinulosa var. collina and B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii. They also retained B. spinulosa in series Spicigerae, but placed the species alone in B. subser. Spinulosae.[6] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series.

Under George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. spinulosa var. neoanglica's taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:[2]

Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia
Section Coccinea
Section Oncostylis
Series Spicigerae
B. spinulosa
B. spinulosa var. spinulosa
B. spinulosa var. collina
B. spinulosa var. neoanglica
B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii
B. ericifolia
B. verticillata
B. seminuda
B. littoralis
B. occidentalis
B. brownii
Series Tricuspidae
Series Dryandroidae
Series Abietinae
Subgenus Isostylis

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is greatly different from George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of B. spinulosa var. neoanglica within B. spinulosa is supported, but B. spinulosa's placement is not. Series Spicigerae appears to be polyphyletic, with B. spinulosa and B. ericifolia more closely related to the taxa in Series Salicinae than it is to the other members of series Spicigerae.[7][8][9] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. spinulosa var. neoanglica is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.[10]

The New South Wales herbarium persists in ranking B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii at species rank, and consider this variety to be a subspecies of it. No name for this subspecies has been formally published; it is usually referred to by the informal name Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A.[11]

It is closely related genetically to the critically endangered Banksia vincentia.[12]

Distribution and habitat

This variety occurs in the New England Tableland and nearby mountainous regions of northern New South Wales.[13]

Cultivation

It is not often cultivated. Alex George suggests that it is probably similar to B. spinulosa var. spinulosa in cultivation, but should tolerate colder conditions.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Banksia neoanglica (A.S.George) Stimpson & J.J.Bruhl". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  2. ^ a b George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  3. ^ Stimpson, M.; Weston, P.; Telford, I.; Bruhl, J. (2012). "First instalment in resolution of the Banksia spinulosa complex (Proteaceae): B. neoanglica, a new species supported by phenetic analysis, ecology and geography". PhytoKeys. 14 (14): 57–80. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.14.3415. PMC 3492926. PMID 23170073.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ George, Alex S. (1988). "New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 6 (3): 309–317.
  5. ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
  6. ^ Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
  7. ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
  8. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. PMID 21665734. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  9. ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  11. ^ "Banksia cunninghamii subsp. a sensu harden (1991) Sieber ex Rchb". PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
  12. ^ Stimpson, Margaret L.; Bruhk, Jeremy J.; Weston, Peter H. (2014). "Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 163 (5): 269–86. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.163.5.3.
  13. ^ Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.
  14. ^ George, Alex S. (1987). The Banksia Book (Second Edition). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). ISBN 0-86417-006-8.
Wikispecies has information related to Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica.
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