Battle of Fraustadt

Battle of Fraustadt
Part of Great Northern War
Date February 2, 1706 (O.S.) February 3, 1706 (Swedish calendar) February 13, 1706 (N.S.) Location Fraustadt, present-day Poland Result Decisive Swedish victory
Belligerents
Sweden	Saxony Russia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Commanders and leaders
Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld	Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg
Strength
3,700 infantry 5,700 cavalry, no artillery Total: 9,400 men	15,300 infantry (9,000 Saxons, 6,300 Russians), 4,000 cavalry (Saxon), 32 larger guns and 50 small mortars with around 700 men crew Total: 20,000 men
Casualties and losses
About 400 killed, 1,000 wounded Total losses: 1,400 men	7,377 killed, 7,300–7,900 captured Total losses: around 15,000 men

The Battle of Fraustadt was fought on February 2, 1706 (O.S.) / February 3, 1706 (Swedish calendar) / February 13 1706 (N.S.) between Sweden and Saxony-Poland and their Russian allies near Fraustadt (present-day Wschowa) in Poland. During the Battle of Fraustadt on February 3, August II was only 120 kilometers away with a cavalry force about 8000 men strong. This was one of the main reasons Swedish General Rehnskiöld hurried to engage Schulenburg. The battle is an example of successfully executed pincer movement and was one of Sweden's greatest victories in the Great Northern War.

Deployment

The Saxon army had not chosen its position carefully; Schulenburg had been maneuvered into a position chosen by the Swedes. Rehnskiöld withdrew his forces from Schlawa to Fraustadt. Rehnskiöld writes in his journals, “Så resolverade jag att draga mig till Fraustadt tillbaka i den tanken att locka till mig fienden efter mig utur sin fördel, inbillandes honom att jag ville alldeles draga mig av” (”Thus I resolved to withdraw to Fraustadt with the thought to lure the enemy to me away from his advantageous position, deceiving him into thinking I was in full retreat”.)

The Saxons, superior in numbers regarding infantry but with less cavalry than the Swedes, took a strong defensive position behind lines of chevaux de frise littered by artillery. In two lines, with cavalry on both flanks, between the villages of Geyersdorf and Röhrsdorf and ahead of the town of Fraustadt, entrenched behind frozen lakes and marshes opposing the Saxon-Russian army, Rehnskiöld placed his infantry in the center in three columns and his cavalry on both flanks [1].

Initial cavalry engagements

On the left flank, the Swedish cavalry under Hummerhielm had some trouble passing through a frozen swamp, but the Saxon cavalry did not use that advantage. After regrouping, the Swedes charged the Saxon Garde du Corps and Chevaliers Garde regiments three times, utterly routing them. Colonel von Krassow, commander of the Swedish cavalry on the right flank, passed outside the left Russian flank with 12 dragoon squadrons, near the village of Rörsdorf, and engaged the Saxon Cavalry covering the Russian flank. After witnessing the destruction of the Saxon right flank, the left flank fled, and were routed by the Swedish dragoons. Colonel von Krassow's cavalry then wheeled clock-wise into the Saxon-Russian rear, which caused several of the Saxon regiments to break formation.

Swedish infantry actions

On the Saxon left flank, facing Rhenskiöld's infantry, the Russians were deployed with their uniforms inside-out to conceal their lesser quality (the Saxons wore red uniforms, the Russians had green uniforms that had a red lining). The Swedish infantry assaulted the Saxon-Russian line frontally, under heavy cannon and musket fire. Upon discovering that the left wing of the enemy line was held by the inferior Russian troops, Rhenskiöld directed his infantry to assault their positions, which were also being attacked from the rear by colonel von Krassow's cavalry. The Russian infantry were quickly surrounded and dispersed.

Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld, appointed Field Marshal and Count after his victory at Fraustadt

Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg in 1741, painted by Gian Antonio Guardi

Saxon-Russian surrender

The Saxon middle had its flank and rear exposed, and its regiments buckled and broke formation in short order under the pressure along its left flank. The Saxon right flank initially held, inflicting some damage to the Swedish infantry until the cavalry in the frozen swamp attacked their rear. The Saxon-Russian army fell apart and the main body fled to the south through Fraustadt. The Swedish cavalry, previously bogged down in the swamp, raced ahead on the open terrain, and met the fleeing Saxons and Russians on the far outskirts of the town. Trapped by Swedish cavalry to their front and infantry to their rear, the defeated Saxon-Russian forces surrendered en masse.

Casualties

In the end 7,600 Saxons were taken prisoner and over 7000 were killed in the battle. Schulenburg managed to escape. The Swedes suffered some 400 casualties, amongst them the commander of the Kronoberg Regiment colonel Gabriel Lilliehöök, and 760 wounded.

Analysis

The Swedish success in the battle was due mainly because Rehnskiöld had effectively neutralized the Saxon infantry, who were superior in numbers at the start of the battle, while at the same time the Swedish cavalry under the leadership of Hummerhielm and von Krassow succeeded in performing a pincer movement. Schulenburg also made two grave mistakes: first by being lured into terrain not to his advantage and then underestimating the mobility of the Swedish cavalry, especially on the flanks. It is known from Rehnskiöld's personal journals that he had intended a double envelopment from the beginning. The Battle of Fraustadt is one of the most classic double envelopments in military history. It is probable that Rehnskiöld had studied the Battle of Cannae 216 BC although it is uncertain if he intended to copy it.

Aftermath

The captured Russians (some 500) were, according to some historians, executed by an order from Rehnskiöld, although involvement of the latter has been disputed. The authors further quotes Lieutenant Colonel Nils Gyllenstierna of the Norra Skånska cavalry regiment about the fate of the Russian infantry Template:Sv icon “på några 100 när massakrerat, emedan vi inte i begynnelsen kunde giva kvarter, eftersom vår vänstra flygel ännu stod i full eld” translates roughly as “all but a few hundred were massacred, because at the beginning we could not give quarter, since our left flank was still in full assault”.

The road to Saxony was open for King Charles XII of Sweden. King August II of Poland gave up his claim on the Polish crown, although he remained Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. He would later regain the Polish throne in 1709. The prisoners taken by the Swedes during the battle that were of German, French and Swiss nationality were immediately reorganized into the ranks of the Swedish army. The Saxon prisoners where shipped to Sweden, where they formed a regiment and three battalions. This regiment made a good effort at the Battle of Helsingborg in 1710.

References

• http://www.wfgamers.org.uk/resources/C18/fraustadt.htm Orders of Battle