Battle of Molino del Rey
| Battle of Molino del Rey | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mexican-American War | |||||||
 A painting of the battle. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |
 Mexico | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Winfield Scott William J. Worth |
Antonio LéonFrancisco Pérez | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 9,800 | 4,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
116 killed 665 wounded 18 missing[1]: 310 |
~769 killed and wounded 685 captured[1]: 311 | ||||||
The Battle of Molino del Rey was one of the bloodiest engagements of the Mexican-American War. It was fought in September 1847 between Mexican forces under General Antonio Léon against an American force under General Winfield Scott at El Molino del Rey near Mexico City.
Background
The Americans were camped south of Mexico City, Scott and Worth's division at Tacubaya, Gideon Johnson Pillow's division at Mixcoac, David E. Twiggs division at San Angel, and John A. Quitman's division at San Agustin.[1]: 308
On 6 September 1847, Scott ended the armistice following the Battle of Churubusco as negotiations broke down, as it became clear Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana was preparing to resume fighting.[1]: 307 On 7 Sept., a large number of Mexican horsemen were observed around a group of low, massive stone buildings known as El Molino del Rey or King's Mill.[1]: 308 Spread across the distance of this point, they were about 1,000 yards (0.91 km) west of the Castle at Chapultepec, which itself was about two miles (3 km) from the gates of Mexico City. A large grove of trees separated the Mill from the castle, while the castle's batteries covered the area.
General Winfield Scott received reports that the trees masked a foundry for casting cannon, and there were rumors that Antonio López de Santa Anna, leader of both the Mexican government and military, in desperate need of ordnance, was sending out church and convent bells to have them melted down and converted to cannon.[1]: 308 Scott ordered General Worth to attack and take the Mill, break up the factory, and destroy any munitions found.[1]: 308
Molino del Rey was manned by Brigadier Antonio Leon's Oaxaca Brigade, while Brigadier General Francisco Perez manned the Casa Mata, and Brigadier General Simeon Ramirez brigade with seven guns manned the ditch connecting the two.[1]: 308 General Juan Alvarez's 4,000 cavalry waited in reserve at the Hacienda Morales.[1]: 308
The National Guard Battalions of Liberty, Union, Querétaro, and Mina, were commanded by General Leon (1,400 men and 3- 8 lb.guns ), and the brigade of troops (Grenaderos, San Blas Activos, Mixto de Santa Ana and Morelia Battalions) were commanded by General Joaquin Rangel. The 2nd light battalion, that of the Fijo the Mejico, and the 1st and 12th regiments of the line, with six pieces of artillery, were commanded by General Simeon Ramirez. The 4th light battalion (600 men)and 11th regiment of the line (900 men), were commanded by General Francisco Perez. In the grove of Chapultepec, was the reserve 1st and 3d light battalions (700 men).
Battle
At 5:45 AM, on 8 September, Worth sent an assault column of 500 men, the 8th Infantry led by Major George Wright, down a gently sloping plain against the western end of the buildings.[1]: 309 Behind them he placed Colonel Charles F. Smith's light battalion and George Cadwalader's brigade in the center, and to their right was Garland's brigade and a battery under Captain Simon H. Drum. On the left, attacking the Casa Mata, was Colonel James Duncan's battery and a brigade commanded by Colonel James S. McIntosh.[1]: 309 Major Edwin V. Sumner commanded three squadrons of dragoons on the left flank.[1]: 309 Captain Huger's heavy guns provided support.[1]: 308
Major Wright's force came under intense artillery fire, which drove them back, killing eleven of fourteen officers.[1]: 309 Lt. Col. Miguel Maria Echeagaray's 3d Light Infantry launced a counterattack, prompting Worth to send in Capt. Ephraim Kirby Smith's light battalion.[1]: 309 Similarly, McIntosh's men withdrew in the face of a counterattack, but Duncan's guns forced Perez's men to withdraw from Casa Mata.[1]: 310
Worth sent the Voltigeur Regiment and the 11th Infantry into the assault, while Scott sent in the 9th Infantry.[1]: 310 General Leon and Col. Lucas Balderas were killed.[1]: 310 Brigadier General Matias Pena y Barragan led two counterattacks but the Americans were able to force two gates and then fight room to room to take the mill after two hours, but found only a few gun molds.[1]: 310 The Casa Mata caught fire and blew up near noon, causing more casualties, but by 1 PM, the Americans were back where they started.[1]: 311
Aftermath
Col. Hitchcock called the battle a Pyrrhic victory for the Americans.[1]: 311 Scott still needed an assault path into the city, despite the destruction of Molino del Rey.[1]: 311 Preparations began immediately thereafter for the Battle of Chapultepec.
See also
References
Additional Reading
- Brooks, N.C. "A Complete History of The Mexican War"
- Alcaraz, Ramon et al. "Apuntes Para la Historia de la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos"
- Ramsey, Albert C. "The Other Side"
- (1899) "The Great Battles of All Nations", Volume 2. Edited by Archibald Wilberforce, 640-644. Peter Fenelon Collier & Son: New York.
- Annual Reports 1894, War Department lists trophy guns: 2- 6 pounders bronze, 1- 4 pounder.