Battle of Ramla (1102)
| Battles of Ramla | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Kingdom of Jerusalem | Fatimids of Egypt | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Baldwin I of Jerusalem | Al-Afdal Shahanshah | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500 knights | 30,000 troops | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Nearly 500 | Unknown | ||||||
The second Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place on 17 May 1102 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimids of Egypt.[1]
Background
The town of Ramla lay on the road from Jerusalem to Ascalon, the latter of which was the largest Fatimid fortress in Palestine. From Ascalon the Fatimid vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, launched almost annual attacks into the newly founded Crusader kingdom from 1099 to 1107. It was thrice the case that the two armies met each other at Ramla.
Egyptian armies of the period relied on masses of Sudanese bowmen supported by Arab and Berber cavalry. Since the archers were on foot and the horsemen awaited attack with lance and sword, an Egyptian army provided exactly the sort of immobile target that the Frankish heavy cavalry excelled in attacking. Whereas the Crusaders developed a healthy respect for the harass and surround tactics of the Turkish horse archers, they tended to discount the effectiveness of the Egyptian armies. While overconfidence led to a Crusader disaster at the second battle of Ramla, the more frequent result was a Fatimid defeat. "The Franks never, until the reign of Saladin, feared the Egyptian as they did the armies from Muslim Syria and Mesopotamia."[2]
Battle
Due to faulty reconnaissance, the Crusade leader, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, underestimated the size of the Egyptian force and rode to battle with only five hundred mounted knights to meet an army of several thousand. Realising his error too late and already cut off from escape, many of the knights charged into the heart of the Egyptian lines and were slaughtered, but Baldwin and some survivors newly arrived from Europe were able to barricade themselves in Ramla's single tower. Baldwin escaped under the cover of night, traveling to Arsuf, where he convinced an English ship captain to break through the Egyptian blockade of Jaffa which was being besieged also by land. With the arrival of a fleet of French and German Crusaders, Baldwin was able to assemble an army of eight thousand men.[3] In the subsequent Battle of Jaffa, he led a cavalry charge that once again broke the Egyptian lines and forced the Fatimid forces to flee to Ascalon. Despite the loss of numerous knights, the capture of Conrad, Constable of Jerusalem, and the death of Stephen of Blois in the final charge from the doomed tower of Ramla, Baldwin was able to profit from the plunder left behind by the fleeing Egyptians.
Gerbod III of Oosterzele-Scheldewindeke was included in the list of names of those killed in the battle.[4] Odo Arpin of Bourges was taken prisoner at the battle.
References
- Dupuy, R. E. and T. N. Dupuy, eds. The Encyclopedia of Military History. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. ISBN 0-06-011139-9
- Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1995 [1956]. ISBN 1-56619-769-4
Notes
- ^ Pringle, Denys (1993). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-521-39037-0.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Smail, p. 87
- ^ Dupuy, p. 316
- ^ http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/families/gundred/gundocs.shtml#1102 Plurimis deinde diebus evolutis et conventu Christianorum de die in diem comminuto, aliis redeuntibus navigio, aliis per diversas regiones in reditu suo dispersis [a list of names, including] Gerbodo de castello Winthinc[1] ... Rodulfus de Alos, Gerbodo de Winthinc[2] [a list of names] et ceteri omnes mediis hostibus interierunt. 1. Other manuscripts read Wintinc or Wintine. 2. Other manuscripts read Wintinch, Wihtinc or Wintinc. Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolymitana, printed in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Occidentaux, vol. 4, pp. 591, 593 (Paris, 1879).