Bayeux Tapestry tituli

The Bayeux Tapestry tituli are captions embroidered on the Bayeux Tapestry describing events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The tituli are in Medieval Latin.

Description

The Bayeux Tapestry was probably commissioned by William the Conqueror's half-brother, Bishop Odo, possibly at the same time as Bayeux Cathedral's construction in the 1070s, and completed by 1077 in time for display on the cathedral's dedication.^[1]

It is embroidered in wool yarn on a tabby-woven linen ground using outline or stem stitch for its lettering.

The content of the hanging is primarily pictorial but tituli are included on many scenes of the action to point out names of people and places or to explain briefly the event being depicted.^[2] A dark blue wool, almost black, is used for most of the tapestry's lettering but towards the end other colours are used, sometimes for each word and other times for each letter.^[2] The end of the tapestry has been missing from time immemorial and the final titulus "Et fuga verterunt Angli" is said to be "entirely spurious", added shortly before 1814 at a time of anti-English sentiment. The first word on the tapestry "Edward" is also a restoration.^[2]

The text is in Latin, and as in the nearly contemporary Domesday Book (1086) is frequently abbreviated as indicated by tildes placed over words at the place of omission of a letter. In places the spelling shows an English influence.^[2] Musset puts forward the following analysis.^[2] Personal names, mostly in English, are not Latinised and the same applies for names of places in England and for Beaurain "Belrem" in France. The phrase "at Hestenga ceasrta" shows clear signs of Old English: in Latin it would be "ad Hastingae castra". Some French names are either archaic ("Rednes") or anglicised ("Bagias"). Sometimes "Franci" is used to describe the Normans who at that time certainly did not regard themselves as French.^{[note 1]} although they spoke the French language. However, royal circles in England did use "Franci" to describe their conquerors and the king's subjects were termed "Franci and Angli".

In 1724 a linen backing cloth was sewn on comparatively crudely and, around 1800, large numerals were written in ink on the backing which broadly enumerate each scene and which are still commonly used for reference.^[2]

Latin text with English translation

The English translation provided here is of a literal nature, to reflect the simplicity of the captions themselves. The numbering scheme uses the scene numbers on the tapestry's backing cloth. They are not on the tapestry itself. The images in the table cover the entire tapestry but a continuous panoramic view of the Tapestry may be consulted, such as that in the Bibliotheca Augustana^[3]

Scene	Text^{[note 2]}	Translation^[4]	Image
1	EDWARD[US]^{[note 3]} REX	King Edward
2-3	UBI HAROLD DUX ANGLORUM ET SUI MILITES EQUITANT AD BOSHAM ECCLESIA[M]	Where Harold, duke of the English, and his knights ride to Bosham Church^[5]
4	HIC HAROLD MARE NAVIGAVIT	Here Harold sailed by sea
5	ET VELIS VENTO PLENIS VENIT IN TERRA WIDONIS COMITIS	and with sails filled with wind came to the land of Count Wido ^{[note 4]}
6	HAROLD	Harold	^{Higher resolution detail}
7	HIC APPREHENDIT WIDO HAROLDU[M]	Here Wido seized Harold
8	ET DUXIT EUM AD BELREM ET IBI EUM TENUIT	and led him to Beaurain and held him there
9	UBI HAROLD ET^{[note 5]} WIDO PARABOLANT	Where Harold and Wido confer
10	UBI NUNTII WILLELMI DUCIS VENERUNT AD WIDONE[M]	Where the messengers of Duke William came to Wido
10	TUROLD	Turold^{[note 6]}
11	NUNTII WILLELMI	The messengers of William
12	HIC VENIT NUNTIUS AD WILGELMUM DUCEM	Here the messenger comes to Duke William
13	HIC WIDO ADDUXIT HAROLDUM AD WILGELMUM NORMANNORUM DUCEM	Here Wido led Harold to William Duke of the Normans
14	HIC DUX WILGELM^{[note 7]} CUM HAROLDO VENIT AD PALATIU[M] SUU[M]	Here Duke William comes with Harold to his palace
15	UBI UNUS CLERICUS ET AELFGYVA	Where a cleric and Ælfgyva...^{[note 8]}	^{Higher resolution detail}
16	HIC WILLEM[US] DUX ET EXERCITUS EIUS VENERUNT AD MONTE[M] MICHAELIS	Here Duke William and his army came to the Mount of Michael
17	ET HIC TRANSIERUNT FLUMEN COSNONIS	and here they crossed the Couesnon River	^{Higher resolution detail}
17	HIC HAROLD DUX TRAHEBAT EOS DE ARENA	Here Duke Harold dragged them from the sand	^{Higher resolution detail}
18	ET VENERUNT AD DOL ET CONAN FUGA VERTIT	and they came to Dol and Conan turned in flight	^{Higher resolution detail}
18	REDNES	Rennes
19	HIC MILITES WILLELMI DUCIS PUGNANT CONTRA DINANTES	Here the knights of Duke William fight against the men of Dinan
20	ET CUNAN CLAVES PORREXIT	and Conan passed out the keys
21	HIC WILLELM[US] DEDIT ARMA HAROLDO	Here William gave arms to Harold
22	HIC^{[note 9]} WILLELM[US] VENIT BAGIAS	Here William came to Bayeux
23	UBI HAROLD SACRAMENTUM FECIT WILLELMO DUCI	Where Harold made an oath to Duke William
24	HIC HAROLD DUX REVERSUS EST AD ANGLICAM TERRAM	Here Duke Harold returned to English land
25	ET VENIT AD EDWARDU[M] REGEM	and he came to King Edward
26	HIC PORTATUR CORPUS EADWARDI REGIS AD ECCLESIAM S[AN]C[T]I PETRI AP[OSTO]LI	Here the body of King Edward is carried to the Church of Saint Peter the Apostle^{[note 10]}
27	HIC EADWARDUS REX IN LECTO ALLOQUIT[UR] FIDELES	Here King Edward in bed speaks to his faithful followers	^{Higher resolution detail}
28	ET HIC DEFUNCTUS EST	and here he died^[6]	^{Higher resolution detail}
29	HIC DEDERUNT HAROLDO CORONA[M] REGIS	Here they gave the king's crown to Harold
30	HIC RESIDET HAROLD REX ANGLORUM	Here sits Harold King of the English	^{Higher resolution detail}
31	STIGANT ARCHIEP[ISCOPU]S	Archbishop Stigand	^{Higher resolution detail}
32	ISTI MIRANT[UR] STELLA[M]	These people marvel at the star ^{[note 11]}
33	HAROLD	Harold
34	HIC NAVIS ANGLICA VENIT IN TERRAM WILLELMI DUCIS	Here an English ship came to the land of Duke William
35	HIC WILLELM[US] DUX JUSSIT NAVES [A]EDIFICARE	Here Duke William ordered ships to be built
36	HIC TRAHUNT NAVES AD MARE	Here they drag the ships to the sea
37	ISTI PORTANT ARMAS AD NAVES ET HIC TRAHUNT CARRUM CUM VINO ET ARMIS	These men carry arms to the ships and here they drag a cart (laden) with wine and arms
38	HIC WILLELM[US] DUX IN MAGNO NAVIGIO MARE TRANSIVIT ET VENIT AD PEVENESAE	Here Duke William in a great ship crossed the sea and came to Pevensey
39	HIC EXEUNT CABALLI DE NAVIBUS	Here the horses leave the ships
40	ET HIC MILITES FESTINAVERUNT HESTINGA UT CIBUM RAPERENTUR	and here the knights have hurried to Hastings to seize food	^{Higher resolution detail}
41	HIC EST WADARD	Here is Wadard^{[note 6]}
42	HIC COQUITUR CARO ET HIC MINISTRAVERUNT MINISTRI	Here the meat is being cooked and here the servants have served (it)
43	HIC FECERUN[T] PRANDIUM	Here they made breakfast^[7]
43	HIC EPISCOPUS CIBU[M] ET POTU[M] BENEDICIT	And here the bishop blesses the food and drink	^{Higher resolution detail}
44	ODO EP[ISCOPU]S WILLEM[US] ROTBERT	Bishop Odo, William, Robert
45	ISTE JUSSIT UT FODERETUR CASTELLUM AT HESTENGA ^{[note 12]}	He ordered that a motte should be dug at Hastings	^{Higher resolution detail}
45	CEASTRA ^{[note 12]}	the camp	^{Higher resolution detail}
46	HIC NUNTIATUM EST WILLELM[O] DE HAROLD[O]	Here it was announced to William concerning (the approach of?) Harold
47	HIC DOMUS INCENDITUR	Here a house is burned
48	HIC MILITES EXIERUNT DE HESTENGA ET VENERUNT AD PR[O]ELIUM CONTRA HAROLDUM REGE[M]	Here the knights have left Hastings and have come to the battle against King Harold	^{Higher resolution detail}
49	HIC WILLELM[US] DUX INTERROGAT VITAL[EM] SI VIDISSET HAROLDI EXERCITU[M]	Here Duke William asks Vitalis^{[note 6]} if he has seen Harold's army
50	ISTE NUNTIAT HAROLDUM REGE[M] DE EXERCITU WILLELMI DUCIS	This man tells King Harold about Duke William's army
51	HIC WILLELM[US] DUX ALLOQUITUR SUIS MILITIBUS UT PREPAREN[T] SE VIRILITER ET SAPIENTER AD PR[O]ELIUM CONTRA ANGLORUM EXERCITU[M]	Here Duke William speaks to^[8] his knights to prepare themselves manfully and wisely for the battle against the army of the English
52	HIC CECIDERUNT LEWINE ET GYRD FRATRES HAROLDI REGIS	Here have fallen dead^[9] Leofwine and Gyrth, brothers of King Harold
53	HIC CECIDERUNT SIMUL ANGLI ET FRANCI IN PR[O]ELIO	Here English and French fell at the same time in battle	^{Higher resolution detail}
54	HIC ODO EP[ISCOPU]S BACULU[M] TENENS CONFORTAT PUEROS	Here Bishop Odo, holding a club, gives strength to the boys
55	HIC EST WILLEL[MUS] DUX	Here is Duke William
56	E[USTA]TIUS	Eustace	^{Higher resolution detail}
56	HIC FRANCI PUGNANT ET CECIDERUNT QUI ERANT CUM HAROLDO	Here the French are fighting and have killed those who were with Harold
57	HIC HAROLD REX INTERFECTUS EST	Here King Harold is slain	^{Higher resolution detail}
58	ET FUGA VERTERUNT ANGLI^{[note 13]}	and the English have turned in flight^{[note 13]}	^{Higher resolution detail}

Notes

^ William's uncle The Archbishop of Rouen spoke of wiping out the vainglorious French, "Francos debellare superbos"
^ Letters in square brackets are omitted on the tapestry either by way of abbreviation or where they are implied by a macron diacritic on the previous letter
^ Word was missing in 18th century copies
^ Wido is Guido or Guy, count of Ponthieu
^ ET is abbreviated as the Tironian note ⁊ (a character like a right-angled 7)
^ ^a ^b ^c Possibly vassal of Bishop Odo
^ Norman dialect form of "William"
^ A verb is missing, which makes this image the greatest mystery in the Tapestry. A notorious sexual assault on this English lady seems to have occurred, which was worthy of record. The attitude of the cleric is similar to that of the semi-obscene nude man in the lower margin. (Douglas, 1959, p.234)
^ The word has actually been embroidered "hIE". This is a typo.
^ Westminster Abbey
^ Halley's comet
^ ^a ^b The spelling of the Latin words ad and castra here have been cited by some in favour of the theory that the Tapestry was made in England (Douglas, D.C., 1959, p.237)
^ ^a ^b Caption was missing in 18th century copies

Sources

Douglas, D.C., English Historical Documents 1042-1189, London, 1959, Bayeux Tapestry, pp. 232–278

References

^ Sir Frank Stenton (ed) et al, The Bayeux Tapestry. A comprehensive survey London: Phaidon, 1957 revised 1965.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Musset, Lucien (2005). The Bayeux Tapestry. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-163-5. in its English edition (2005)
^ Panorama in Bibliotheca Augustana (Bibliotheca Augustana is a collection of electronic texts in Latin, Ancient Greek, English, French, German and Italian, ranging in date from classical times to the modern day. Hosted by: University of Applied Sciences, Augsburg)
^ based mainly on Stenton, Frank (1965). The Bayeux Tapestry. Phaedon Press. but also using Hicks, Carola (2006). The Bayeux Tapestry. The Life Story of a Masterpiece. Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-7463-3. and Musset, Lucien (2005). The Bayeux Tapestry. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-163-5. in its English edition (2005)
^ Integral scene per Douglas, p.233
^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary: defungor, -functus sum deponent verb. Defunctus est, perfect tense
^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Ed. Marchant & Charles: Prandium, a late breakfast or lunch, taken about noon
^ or "harangues"
^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary: cado, cecidi, casum: to fall, die

External links

[3] William's uncle The Archbishop of Rouen spoke of wiping out the vainglorious French, "Francos debellare superbos"

[5] Letters in square brackets are omitted on the tapestry either by way of abbreviation or where they are implied by a macron diacritic on the previous letter

[7] Word was missing in 18th century copies

[9] Wido is Guido or Guy, count of Ponthieu

[10] ET is abbreviated as the Tironian note ⁊ (a character like a right-angled 7)

[odo-11] Possibly vassal of Bishop Odo

[12] Norman dialect form of "William"

[13] A verb is missing, which makes this image the greatest mystery in the Tapestry. A notorious sexual assault on this English lady seems to have occurred, which was worthy of record. The attitude of the cleric is similar to that of the semi-obscene nude man in the lower margin. (Douglas, 1959, p.234)

[14] The word has actually been embroidered "hIE". This is a typo.

[15] Westminster Abbey

[17] Halley's comet

[douglas-19] The spelling of the Latin words ad and castra here have been cited by some in favour of the theory that the Tapestry was made in England (Douglas, D.C., 1959, p.237)

[flight-22] Caption was missing in 18th century copies

[stenton-1] Sir Frank Stenton (ed) et al, The Bayeux Tapestry. A comprehensive survey London: Phaidon, 1957 revised 1965.

[musset-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Musset, Lucien (2005). The Bayeux Tapestry. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-163-5. in its English edition (2005)

[4] Panorama in Bibliotheca Augustana (Bibliotheca Augustana is a collection of electronic texts in Latin, Ancient Greek, English, French, German and Italian, ranging in date from classical times to the modern day. Hosted by: University of Applied Sciences, Augsburg)

[6] sed mainly on Stenton, Frank (1965). The Bayeux Tapestry. Phaedon Press. but also using Hicks, Carola (2006). The Bayeux Tapestry. The Life Story of a Masterpiece. Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-7463-3. and Musset, Lucien (2005). The Bayeux Tapestry. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-163-5. in its English edition (2005)

[8] Integral scene per Douglas, p.233

[16] Cassell's Latin Dictionary: defungor, -functus sum deponent verb. Defunctus est, perfect tense

[18] Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Ed. Marchant & Charles: Prandium, a late breakfast or lunch, taken about noon

[20] r "harangues"

[21] Cassell's Latin Dictionary: cado, cecidi, casum: to fall, die

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