Bearded saki

Bearded sakis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Pitheciidae
Subfamily:	Pitheciinae
Genus:	Chiropotes; Lesson, 1840
Type species
	Pithecia (Chiropotes) couxio; Lesson, 1840; ( = Cebus satanas Hoffmannsegg, 1807)
Species
	Chiropotes satanas; Chiropotes chiropotes; Chiropotes israelita; Chiropotes utahickae; Chiropotes albinasus

The bearded sakis, or cuxiús^[2] are five species of New World monkeys, classified in the genus Chiropotes. They live in the eastern and central Amazon in South America, ranging through southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern and central Brazil. The five species are entirely allopatric, their distributions being separated by major rivers.

Bearded sakis differ from the closely related saki monkeys of the genus Pithecia by a pronounced beard, a tuft of hair that extends from its jaw, down its throat to the top of its chest, and is strongly pronounced particularly in the males. The tail is long and hairy, and is used for balance and not grasping. Bearded sakis reach from 32 to 51 cm in size and a weigh from 2 to 4 kg.

Like many New World monkeys, bearded sakis are diurnal and arboreal. They inhabit tropical rainforests, usually in the crowns of tree. They move on all four by the branches, spending most of the day searching for food. At the night they sleep clasped to thicker branches, never spending successive nights in the same tree. Bearded sakis live together in groups of approximately 18 to 30 animals. Within the group they communicate with bird-like twitter and high whistles. Sometimes they mingle with other primates such as capuchin and squirrel monkeys.

Fruits form the main part of the diet of the bearded sakis, but they also eat nuts, buds, leaves, insects and small vertebrates.

Once a year (usually in early autumn or late summer) the female bears a single offspring after a 5-month gestation. After about three months it begins to explore its environment independently and on it is briefly cured. Bearded sakis reach full maturity at 4 years of age. Their life expectancy is approximately 15 years.

Bearded sakis are highly sensitive to hunting and habitat destruction. Consequently, three of the four species recognized by IUCN (they do not recognize C. israelita) are considered threatened, ranging from endangered for C. albinasus and C. utahickae, to critically endangered for C. satanas.^[3]

Classification

Until recently, only two species were recognized in this genus, but C. israelita was re-validated in 2003 (having long been considered a synonym of Chiropotes), where it – based on differences in colour of pelage, karyotype, and molecular analysis – also was recommended treating C. chiropotes and C. utahickae as species separate from C. satanas.^[4]

Genus Chiropotes
- Black bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas
- Red-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes chiropotes
- Brown-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes israelita
- Uta Hick's bearded saki, Chiropotes utahickae
- White-nosed saki, Chiropotes albinasus

References

^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Barnett, A. A.; Pinto, L. P.; Bicca-Marques, J. C.; Ferrari, S. F.; Gordo, M.; Guedes, P. G.; Lopes, M. A.; Opazo, J. C.; Port-Carvalho, M.; Dos Santos, R. R.; Soares, R. F.; Spironello, W. R.; Veiga, L. M.; Vieira, T. M.; Boyle, S. A. (2012). "A Proposal for the common names of Chiropotes (Pitheciinae: Primates)". Zootaxa. 3507: 79–83. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
^ IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 23-11-2008.
^ Bonvicino, C. R.; Boubli, J. P.; Otazú, I. B.; Almeida, F. C.; Nascimento, F. F.; Coura, J. R.; Seuánez, H. N. (2003). "Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pitheciinae)". American Journal of Primatology. 61 (3): 123–33. doi:10.1002/ajp.10115. PMID 14610730. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

External links

Primate Info Net Chiropotes Factsheets

[msw3-1] Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.

[2] Barnett, A. A.; Pinto, L. P.; Bicca-Marques, J. C.; Ferrari, S. F.; Gordo, M.; Guedes, P. G.; Lopes, M. A.; Opazo, J. C.; Port-Carvalho, M.; Dos Santos, R. R.; Soares, R. F.; Spironello, W. R.; Veiga, L. M.; Vieira, T. M.; Boyle, S. A. (2012). "A Proposal for the common names of Chiropotes (Pitheciinae: Primates)". Zootaxa. 3507: 79–83. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[3] IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 23-11-2008.

[4] Bonvicino, C. R.; Boubli, J. P.; Otazú, I. B.; Almeida, F. C.; Nascimento, F. F.; Coura, J. R.; Seuánez, H. N. (2003). "Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pitheciinae)". American Journal of Primatology. 61 (3): 123–33. doi:10.1002/ajp.10115. PMID 14610730. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

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