1968 Belice earthquake

1968 Belice earthquake
UTC time	1968-01-15 02:01:06
ISC event	827285
USGS-ANSS	ComCat
Local date	14 January 1968
Local time	03:01
Magnitude	5.5 Mw
Epicenter	37°46′01″N 12°58′59″E / 37.767°N 12.983°E
Type	Thrust
Areas affected	Sicily
Max. intensity	MMI X (Extreme)
Casualties	231–400 dead ; 632–1,000 injured

The 1968 Belice earthquake sequence took place in Sicily between 14 and 15 January.^[3] The largest shock measured 5.5 on the moment magnitude scale, with five others of magnitude 5+.^[2] The maximum perceived intensity was X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake sequence, centred between the towns of Gibellina, Salaparuta and Poggioreale, killed at least 231 people, possibly more than 400, with between 632 and about 1,000 injured and left 100,000 homeless. It is known in Italy as Terremoto del Belice.

Tectonic setting

Sicily lies on the complex convergent plate boundary between the African plate and the Eurasian plate. The geology of the western part of the island is dominated by the Gela Nappe, a thin-skinned fold and thrust belt. The Gela Nappe consists of Pliocene-Quaternary age sedimentary rocks deposited in the earlier foredeep, thrust up onto the thick carbonate sequence of the Pelagian-Hyblean Platform of the African plate.^[2]

Earthquake

There was a sequence of six M 5+ earthquakes, making this western Sicily's largest historical seismic event,^[1] beginning with a M 5.2 shock at 12:28 on the 14 January, followed by a M 5.1 event at 13:15 on the same day and a M 5.2 event at 01:33 on 15 January, the mainshock at 02:01, and two M 5.2 events at 16:42 on 16 January and at 09:56 on 25 January.^[2]

The greatest perceived intensity on the Mercalli scale was X (Extreme) at Gibellina, Montevago and Salaparuta. Intensities at Poggioreale, Santa Margherita di Belice, Santa Ninfa, Partanna and Salemi reached IX (Violent) on the scale.^[3]

The focal mechanisms of the mainshock and the two magnitude 5+ aftershocks are consistent with thrusting on faults trending west–east,^[1] although an alternative solution has been proposed for the mainshock of right lateral transpression on a NNW-SSE trending fault.^[2]

Damage

The main area of damage was centred on the valley of the Belice, with worst affected towns being Santa Ninfa, Partanna, Montevago, Santa Margherita di Belice, Gibellina, Salaparuta, Poggioreale.^[4]^: 8 Vita, Salemi, and Camporeale also suffered significant damage.^[4]^: 2

The earthquakes on 14 January did little damage, but many of the inhabitants spent the following night sleeping outside, during which the most damaging of the shocks occurred,^[5] which probably greatly reduced the number of casualties.^[3] The official death toll was 231 with a further 623 injured. Other estimates give more than 400 dead with over 1,000 injured. An estimated 100,000 people were made homeless by the earthquakes.^[3]

The worst affected buildings were of unreinforced masonry construction that used irregular stones with weak mortar and had roofs consisting of heavy tiles resting on wooden beams. Such buildings collapsed completely in many cases. Houses with load-bearing walls made of regular stone or concrete blocks and better quality mortar performed better, although some were badly damaged. The most modern buildings that used reinforced concrete frames generally suffered little damage.^[4]^: 10

Aftermath

The immediate relief effort was hampered by a lack of disaster relief planning at both local and provincial levels, excessive bureaucracy, a lack of supplies close to the affected areas and a tendency of refugees to treat outsiders with suspicion.^[4]^: 59

One year after the earthquakes, many hundreds of people were still living in tents and many of the prefabricated housing units had yet to appear, despite having been paid for; no work had begun on providing permanent housing. Two-thirds of refugee families had still not received their government grant.^[4]^: 52 Nine years after the earthquake, none of the refugees had been placed in new housing, leaving 60,000 still living in temporary accommodation.^[6]

The towns of Poggioreale, Gibellina, Vita, Santa Margherita di Belice and Salaparuta were eventually rebuilt in new locations.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Monaco, C.; Mazzoli S.; Tortorici L. (1996). "Active thrust tectonics in western Sicily (southern Italy): the 1968 Belice earthquake sequence". Terra Nova. 8 (4): 372–381. Bibcode:1996TeNov...8..372M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00570.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lavecchia, G.; Ferrarini F.; de Nardis R.; Visini F.; Barbano M.S. (2007). "Active thrusting as a possible seismogenic source in Sicily (Southern Italy): Some insights from integrated structural–kinematic and seismological data". Tectonophysics. 445 (3–4): 145–167. Bibcode:2007Tectp.445..145L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)". INGV-SGA. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Haas, J. Eugene; Robert S. Ayre (1969). The Western Sicily Earthquake Of 1968. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ The Civil Protection Department (Protezione Civile). "Belice earthquake 1968". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ Ginsborg, P. (2003). A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-1-4039-6153-2. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

External links

Haas, J. Eugene; Robert S. Ayre (1969). The Western Sicily Earthquake Of 1968. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. NAP:01499.
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.

[Monaco-1] Monaco, C.; Mazzoli S.; Tortorici L. (1996). "Active thrust tectonics in western Sicily (southern Italy): the 1968 Belice earthquake sequence". Terra Nova. 8 (4): 372–381. Bibcode:1996TeNov...8..372M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00570.x.

[Lavecchia-2] Lavecchia, G.; Ferrarini F.; de Nardis R.; Visini F.; Barbano M.S. (2007). "Active thrusting as a possible seismogenic source in Sicily (Southern Italy): Some insights from integrated structural–kinematic and seismological data". Tectonophysics. 445 (3–4): 145–167. Bibcode:2007Tectp.445..145L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.007.

[CFTI5MED-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)". INGV-SGA. Retrieved 8 May 2019.

[Haas-4] Haas, J. Eugene; Robert S. Ayre (1969). The Western Sicily Earthquake Of 1968. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[Protezione_Civile-5] The Civil Protection Department (Protezione Civile). "Belice earthquake 1968". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

[Ginsborg-6] Ginsborg, P. (2003). A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-1-4039-6153-2. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

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v t e Earthquakes in Italy
Historical	62 Pompeii 1117 Verona 1169 Sicily 1222 Brescia 1343 Naples 1348 Friuli 1456 Central Italy 1570 Ferrara 1626 Girifalco 1627 Gargano 1638 Calabrian 1639 Amatrice 1659 Calabria 1688 Sannio 1693 Sicily 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata 1703 Apennine 1706 Abruzzo 1732 Irpinia 1743 Salento 1783 Calabrian 1805 Molise 1857 Basilicata 1873 Alpago 1883 Casamicciola 1887 Liguria
20th century	1905 Calabria 1907 Calabria 1908 Messina 1915 Avezzano 1916 Rimini 1920 Garfagnana 1930 Irpinia 1930 Senigallia 1936 Cansiglio 1962 Irpinia 1968 Belice 1971 Tuscania 1976 Friuli 1980 Irpinia 1990 Carlentini 1997 Umbria and Marche
21st century	2002 Molise 2009 L'Aquila 2012 Northern Italy August 2016 Central Italy October 2016 Central Italy January 2017 Central Italy 2017 Ischia 2018 Molise